identified two brain circuits involved usual learning
habitual actions often do without thinking about whether or not notice them much.
For example, one can 'go home and get off at the train station as usual daydreams for something completely different.
Previous studies have shown that the structure more 'big basal ganglia, the body striatum may be important in learning based on the award.
Una parte dello striato controlla il movimento ed e' connessa alla corteccia sensomotoria, la quale e' coinvolta nel pianificare ed eseguire funzioni volontarie.
Un altro circuito nello striato controlla il comportamento flessibile ed e' connesso con la corteccia associativa.
Fino a ora, si sapeva poco su come questi due circuiti separati contribuissero all'apprendimento di nuovi comportamenti.
I ricercatori hanno registrato l'attivita' dei due circuiti striatali dei topi che imparavano the road to a hiding place containing a premium chocolate flavor in a maze.
To achieve the award, the mice had to find out the meaning of sound and tactile tips delivered to a T-junction in the maze.
mice have shown that the path to not 'become a habit.
As the mouse model, the circuits showed patterns of activity 'distinct evolved during the learning process.
One of them became more 'active when the mice had to do certain actions (eg start, stop or turn) and became more' strong as they learn the routine. The other became very active when the rat had to decide which way to turn, but as the rats learned the location, the signal is weakened.
appears that the two basal ganglionic circuits work in parallel in a sort of competition between the two circuits up to the time when the learned behavior becomes a habit.
These brain circuits are affected by Parkinson's disease, from substance abuse and many psychiatric disorders.
If we can learn how to address the competition in one direction or another, we could help bring new points of interest in the existing treatments and perhaps help develop new therapies.
Emotions are a powerful motivational force and are often the root cause of problems felt in the body.
For these reasons, the collection of anamnestic data, during the first visit, the doctor of Chinese medicine expert to investigate the existence in the life of the patient's moods such as frustration, ups and downs in mood, anger, anxiety, irritability, sadness, fear.
At first glance this may seem strange or even indelicate or irrelevant to the patient.
In Chinese Medicine's emotional state is being investigated as a diagnostic and prognostic. Indeed in the system of organs and viscera emotions are associated with five bodies: they influence the functioning and, in turn, influenced by the health body itself in a ratio of reciprocità.Le emotions connected with the five organs are
anger with the liver fear with Rene concern with the Spleen sadness with joy Lungs with Heart
These emotions can damage the organ with which they are associated when they are very intense and persist if over time. Anger can lead to stagnation in the circulation of the liver. Fear can weaken both the yin yang energy component of the kidney. The concern (for the other brood) weakens the functional activity of the spleen, which governs the digestion. Sadness weakens the activity of the lungs govern respiration and distribution of energy throughout the body. Joy, in excess, it becomes very excited and disturb the circulatory functions which chairs the Heart
Emotions flow freely and remain balanced if the mind is quiet. The practice of qi gong and meditation are very helpful in creating a state of general relaxation and calm the Heart.
Within the program of health education learns - through individual sessions - for fed so approriate and enriching your emotions, through meditation and qigong.
Call to 3386009743 or write to u.torti @ medicinaintegrale.it to arrange a free meeting and learn how Chinese medicine can help.
Representative of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers at the United Nations in Geneva
An introductory note
The Council of Human Rights (HRC) was established March 15, 2006 by the General Assembly in its resolution 60/251 a . The CDU, which replaced the former Commission on Human Rights, is a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly and is responsible for promoting and securing universal observance of all human rights: civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. The Council should, inter alia: to review and respond to violations of human rights by taking appropriate action to make recommendations to the General Assembly for the development of international law in the field of human rights, undertake a universal periodic review of the fulfillment by each State of its obligations on human rights, contribute to the prevention of human rights violations and respond promptly to humanitarian emergencies. The CDU present an annual report to the General Assembly. Composition - The CDU is an intergovernmental body composed of 47 states, elected by the General Assembly by an absolute majority by secret ballot. Can be formally elected to all Member States of the United Nations, but the resolution 60/251 states that, for purposes of the election, must be taken into account the contribution of candidates to the promotion and protection of human rights and the promises and commitments made by them for this purpose. Board members serve for three years and may be re-elected immediately and once only. The General Assembly, with majority of 2 / 3, may suspend a member of the State Council if this is responsible for serious and systematic violations of human rights.
The election of the first Human Rights Council took place May 9, 2006) 2. For the current composition, see http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/membership.htm. See and working method - The UDC has an office in Geneva, which will meet regularly, taking at least three times a year for a total period not less than 10 weeks. The Council may, on request of 1 / 3 of its members, to convene the special sessions to deal with situations deemed urgent 3.
The Agenda of the Council provides, at each session analysis of the following 10 points: 1) organizational and procedural issues, 2) Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 3) Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural, including the right to development, 4) human rights situations that require the attention of the Council; 5) Institutions and mechanisms of human rights; 6) universal periodic review; 7) Human rights situation in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories; 8) Follow up and implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action of Vienna 9) Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance, follow-up and implementation of Dichiarazione e del Programma d'azione di Durban; 10) Assistenza tecnica e rafforzamento delle capacità. Alle riunioni del CDU possono partecipare come osservatori: gli Stati delle Nazioni Unite che non sono membri dello stesso, agenzie specializzate, organizzazioni intergovernative, istituzioni nazionali che si occupano di diritti umani nonché le ONG aventi status consultivo presso l'ECOSOC, così come l'Associazione Internazionale dei Giuristi Democratici 4 La partecipazione delle ONG è regolata dalla risoluzione 1996/31 dell'ECOSOC e dalle pratiche stabilite dall'antica Commissione sui Diritti Umani. Le ONG sostanzialmente possono: –fare interventi orali della durata massima di due minuti su a subject on the agenda; -submit written interventions of no more than 1.500/2.000 words. This work must be filed approximately two weeks before the start of each session and must be relevant to the topics to be covered during it. At the same time is widely distributed by the Secretariat of the CDU who distributes copies to all those who work and publish them on the site, placing them among the official documentation. -can, finally, to reserve rooms in the Palais des Nations to carry out discussions and lectures on topics of interest to the Council. The Secretariat noted such "parallel events" on the agenda, which distributes a daily basis. On June 18, 2007, after a year of intense negotiations, the CDU adopted Resolution 5 / 1 ("Institution-building package") laying the groundwork for the operation of its new mechanisms.
universal periodic review
is new Universal Periodic Review mechanism established by resolution 60/251. The General Assembly, with that resolution, the CDU has a mandate to run a universal periodic review of the fulfillment by each State of the United Nations for meeting its obligations on human rights. The resolution specifies that the committee needs to ensure universal coverage and equal treatment for all Member States, must also be a cooperative mechanism based on interactive dialogue and on the active participation of the state testing. On this basis, in its resolution 5 / 1, the Council has specifically defined terms and timing of the EPU. Adopted a timetable for the review of all UN member states by 2011 and determined that the examination is conducted by a Working Group (Working Group) composed of 47 members of the Council. For each exam, in order to facilitate the work, he was appointed a group of three rapporteurs (troika), randomly selected among all Member States, which prepare the draft final report of the Working Group. The EPU is held on the basis of three documents: a report prepared by the State under review and a report compiled by the High Commissioner of the United Nations on the basis of data from various organizations and UN agencies, and finally, an ever compiled by the High Commissioner, containing "information from credible and trustworthy other interested parties. " In this latest report can help the NGO submission of written observations of a maximum of 5 or 10 pages, depending on whether they are presented by one or more organizations. Such written comments must be filed within a perentori5. In practice, the universal periodic review, being conducted by States rather than by independent experts, is raising many doubts as to its effectiveness. Remains tuttavia la possibilità per le ONG di segnalare e denunciare eventuali violazioni dei diritti umani e di contribuire alla stesura di uno dei tre rapporti di cui sopra.
SPECIAL PROCEDURES
Le Special Procedures sono delle procedure che esistevano già in costanza della vecchia Commissione sui Diritti Umani, e che oggi sono state riprese dal CDU. Il Consiglio dei Diritti Umani può dare mandato a uno o più esperti indipendenti di analizzare, monitorare, e relazionare sulla situazione dei diritti umani in un dato territorio, o su una tematica specifica. Attualmente ci sono 8 Mandati per paese 6 , e 30 per tema . Durante la prossima sessione del CDU (2 - 27 marzo 2009), dovrebbero essere presentati, tra gli altri, i rapporti di: •Mr. Olivier de Schutter (Belgio), Special Rapporteur (SR) sul diritto al cibo; •Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque (Portogallo), Esperto Indipendente (IE) sul tema dell'accesso all'acqua potabile; •Ms. Raquel Rolnik (Brasile), SR sul diritto ad un'abitazione adeguata senza discriminazioni; •Mr. Martin Scheinin (Finlandia), SR sulla promozione e rispetto dei diritti umani nella lotta contro il terrorismo; •Mr. Manfred Nowak (Austria), SR sulla tortura; •Ms. Asma Jahangir (Pakistan), SR sulla libertà di religione; •Ms. Gay McDougall (USA), IE sul tema delle minoranze; • Ms. Margaret Sekaggya (Uganda), SR on the situation of human rights defenders.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE The Advisory Committee replaces the former Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. E 'consists of a group of experts (18) 7 that conducts studies and research on behalf and under the direction of the Council. It meets twice a year for a maximum of 10 working days. Accredited NGOs may participate in its work with written and oral interventions and may organize parallel events. The inaugural session was held in August 2008. The second session in January 2009. The next meeting is scheduled between 3 and 7 August 2009.
COMPLAINTS PROCEDURES
La risoluzione 5/1 del Consiglio dei diritti umani, ricalcando lo schema della vecchia procedura 1503, ha istituito un meccanismo che consente ai singoli ed alle associazioni di portare all'attenzione del Consiglio casi di gravi e flagranti violazioni di diritti umani o delle libertà fondamentali, in qualsiasi parte del mondo queste accadano. Ai sensi dell'art. 87 della predetta risoluzione, le comunicazioni relative a pretese violazioni sono ammissibili quando: a)non sono manifestamente politically motivated e si attengono al diritto internazionale; b)presentano una descrizione oggettiva delle dedotte violazioni, ed indicano il diritto alleged to infringe; c) do not use offensive language; d) shall be submitted by a person or a group of people assumed to be victims of a violation of human rights or fundamental freedoms, or by a person or group of persons, including NGOs, who in good faith and in accordance with international law, claiming to have direct and reliable knowledge of such violations. The knowledge of the facts may be second hand, provided it is accompanied by evidence; s) are not only based on information provided by the mass media; f) are not already subject to a special procedure or other procedure of the United Nations in the field human rights; g) were carried out all domestic remedies, unless it is clearly ineffective remedies or unduly delaying a long time. communications before they are eventually brought to the attention of the Council are examined by two Working Group: Working Group on • Comunications. The Working Group on Communications is made up of five members appointed by the Advisory Committee from among its members, one for each regional group and respecting gender equality. The WG has to decide on the admissibility of communications and assess the substance of the alleged facts before reporting them if the State concerned. The notifications are sent to eligible Working Group on Situations. -Working Group on Situations. Il Gruppo di Lavoro sulle Situazioni è composto da 5 membri, nominati uno da ciascun gruppo regionale e tenuto conto della parità di genere. Il WG on Situations, sulle basi delle informazioni e raccomandazioni ricevute dal WG on Communications, deve presentare al Consiglio un rapporto sui casi rilevati di gravi e flagranti violazioni dei diritti umani, e fare raccomandazioni al Consiglio sulle misure da prendere, preparando una bozza di risoluzione. Entrambi i WG si riuniscono almeno due volte l'anno, con sessioni di 5 giorni lavorativi ciascuna. Il Consiglio deve considerare le violazioni portate alla sua attenzione dal WG ogni volta che sia necessario, ma comunque almeno una volta l'anno. Il lasso di tempo che intercorre tra la trasmissione the complaint to the State concerned and consideration of the case by the Council must not exceed 24 months. The Council, in turn, may decide to: a) suspend the examination of the situation b) continue to keep the situation under control, requiring the State concerned to provide information, c) continue to keep the situation under control, appointing a highly qualified independent expert to monitor the situation and report to the Council; d) make the procedure public e) recommend to the High Commissioner for Human Rights to provide technical assistance to the State concerned.
The Human Rights Council and its instruments have, unfortunately, so far disappointed many expectations. In fact his work is often determined by political and diplomatic balance between the States, at the expense of human rights protection. Nevertheless, states the principles and fundamental rights, reaching advanced positions so that in many countries of the Western world would be considered extremist.
NGOs, as we try to limit their intervention, they are able to act within the human rights system of the United Nations. The important thing is knowing how to take advantage of small opportunities with great energy.
*** *** *** 1 Resolution 60/251 was adopted by the General Assembly 170 votes in favor, 4 against (United States of America, Israel, Palau, Marshall Islands) and 3 abstentions (Iran, Belarus and Venezuela). 2 As required by resolution 60/251, the seats were allocated on the basis of equitable geographical distribution: 13 seats for African states, 13 seats for Asian States, 6 seats for Eastern European States, 8 seats to the Latin American and Caribbean seats to seven Western states and three other states have recently been convened three special sessions: in May 2008 on the food crisis, in November 2008 on the human rights situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in January 2009 on the invasion of Gaza. 4 The International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL), founded in 1946, representing bar associations and councils of more than 100 countries worldwide, including the Italian Association of Democratic Lawyers. See www.iadllaw.org. 5 The deadlines for submission of written comments in relation to the 16 states that will review during the 6th session dell'EPU (November 30 - 11dicembre 2009) are 13 and 20 April 2009. 6 Burundi, Cambodia, North Korea, Haiti, Myanmar, the Occupied Territories of Palestine, Somalia and Sudan. 7 Independent experts shall be appointed by the Council and shall hold office for a term of three years, renewable once. *** *** ***
The appointment of a Councillor for Equality, already provided for by Legislative Decree 196/00 has been reproduced above. 15 of the Code of Equal Opportunities issued by the Legislative Decree 198/06, with the changes now introduced by Legislative Decree No 25/1/10 5.
The previous reports we have already explained the general content of the legislation, as well as more practical cases
frequently presented themselves over the years.
I deal only affects the part of the criminal law issue and, therefore, in particular, the possibility of a civil Councillor for Equality in the open cases for offenses relating to gender discrimination as being of a criminal.
The gender discrimination that occur in the workplace, and therefore the responsibility of the Councillor of a tie, according to Art. 1 CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination and the discrimination against women) ratified by the L. 132 of 14 March 1985 and is valuable source of supranational consist "Any distinction, exclusion or restriction based on gender, which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by for women, irrespective of their marital status, human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field, on the basis of paritàtra man and woman. "
may, therefore, integrate discriminatory criminal case:
- Violence private
- abuse in the workplace
- sexual harassment
- harassment or insults
- sexual violence
- persecution
- beatings
- personal injury
- murder
- procured abortion
And, generally, any relevant criminal conduct that is committed within the working relationship, both by the employer as a colleague, and hit the woman for the female gender specific to its membership, going to affect, impair or limit the enjoyment of his rights or the exercise of fundamental freedoms "as a woman."
should be noted that the Councillor for Equality legislation contains no reference to the possibility or not to Councillor for Equality to get in criminal cases, in fact, Articles. 36 and 37 of Legislative Decree 198/06, even with the changes and additions made by the Legislative Decree No 25/1/10 5, are only referred to the possibility for Councillor for Equality of appeal to the Court according to Judge of the Labour or the competent Regional Administrative Court.
It is, therefore, to interpret the law, inadequate on the specific point, in light of general principles.
Sulla questione, per quanto mi consta, non esistevano precedenti sino al momento in cui la Consigliera di Parità della Regione Piemonte ha deciso, tramite i suoi difensori, di tentare la costituzione di parte civile in un procedimento penale per molestie sessuali promosso da tre dipendenti della SAGAT nei confronti di tre dipendenti della Società stessa.
All'udienza preliminare per due dei tre imputati (il terzo era stato giudicato separatamente), dunque, la Consigliera di Parità ha depositato atto di costituzione di parte civile, evidenziando il proprio buon diritto alla costituzione in presenza di reati integranti fattispecie discriminatorie that the activity of the Councillor is aimed at combating institutionally, in his capacity as an institutional entity in charge of monitoring the observance of grandmothers on gender discrimination and to promote initiatives to achieve equal opportunities in employment, including, therefore, the 'judicial initiative, to protect a real subjective right of that Councillor for Equality, violated by the Board of those crimes with a discriminatory nature.
preliminary hearing constituted, then, is discrimination of the affected workers, and their Auditors Organisation of belonging, both Councillor Regional Equality.
Against the opposition of the defense of the defendants to a civil, is the union of both the Director of Equality, the GUP, with a brief motivation, he said that * institutional purposes in respective areas of competence, on the one hand the trade unions in relation to health protection and personal dignity of workers and therefore their own and other directors of the regional Equal to the protection and also to promoting the principles of equal opportunity and sexual non-discrimination between men and women in the workplace, gives both the right costituirsi nei processi nei quali si ritengano violate norme poste a tutela di questi diritti, indipendentemente rivestita all'interno dell'ambiente di lavoro.".
La vicenda ebbe limitato risalto, poiché gli imputati definirono il procedimento a loro carico con il patteggiamento e, dunque, il GUP si limitò a liquidare alle parti civili costituite le spese di costituzione.
La vicenda, sotto il profilo penale, sembrava definita, ed invece uno degli imputati propose ricorso per Cassazione avverso la sentenza di patteggiamento solo ed esclusivamente in relazione all'avvenuta liquidazione delle spese di costituzione di parte civile, e nei confronti of one Councillor for Equality.
Thanks to this appeal, therefore, the Supreme Court was called upon to decide for the first time on the admissibility of a civil party in criminal proceedings by the Councillor for Equality.
The Supreme Court has addressed this problem both legitimatio causam to be that of a civil Councillor for Equality, claiming a right jure right.
In the first case, the Supreme Court ruled that the right is simply the result of the provisions
from above. 37 subsections 1 and 2 of Legislative Decree 198/2006, which recognizes Councillor for Equality to enforce the law in court once the claim to damages in cases where it is found "the existence of documents, agreements or discriminatory conduct direct or indirect collective nature "'.
So, the question arises whether the conduct alleged against the defendants constitute discriminatory conduct, whether direct or indirect, with respect to which the Code confers ownership of Equal Opportunities Councillor for Equality.
and behavior, in this case, consisted in the imposition of sentences scurrilous, sexual content, continuoriferimento in the qualities of sexual harassment, repeated advances in respect of employees, also flatly rejected, which was Following the refusal to grant leave or permission or the assignment of duties more onerous than those carried out by other workers, so in one of those behaviors I listed above.
The Supreme Court Sec. VI criminal, the sentence no 266, 5702/2009, considered realize that such situations are "undoubtedly unwanted behavior, put in place for reasons related to sex and in any case having the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a work ... and creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive " as predicted. 26 paragraph 1 of the Code of Equal Opportunity.
There is therefore no doubt that those behaviors which are considered integral to the crime of ill-treatment, constitute a situation where Councillor can, and indeed must, act.
from commission of the acts of crime claims to the accused and integrating the violation of the rules that protect workers from discrimination on grounds of sex, and hence also from sexual harassment, then comes an infringement of rights expressly conferred by the legislature Councillor for Equality, in its capacity as holder of the right to 'compliance legislation.
But, as I said, the Supreme Court went even further, stating, and is the first time, to my knowledge, that Councillor Parity party with a real individual right that legitimate to a civil right ture.
On this point, the Supreme Court expressly states that "... Councillor is entitled to a civil, not as a representative body of common interests but as" damaged "by the crime of ill-treatment committed in to more workers, finally get the rest of the non-pecuniary damage
immediately. "
In other words, this is the implementation of that action in the civil penal code that specifically attaches to the Equal Opportunities Councillor for Equality on the Labour Court or TAR, in public employment.
If, that is, Councillor Parity is entitled to appeal to the Labour Court in respect of damages from abuse - harassment of a sexual nature, there seems no reason why the same can not transfer such action within the criminal proceedings arising in the meantime.
The Supreme Court has gone even further the residual hypothesis that I proposed as a defender in the sense that I argued that, in any case, the entitlement to a civil Councillor for Equality was allowed the exponential as a subject of common interest, but the Supreme Court , as seen, welcomed, indeed, the main thesis, which aims to give the Councillor for Equality
position in their damaged.
The Supreme Court, then, also addresses the issue of compensation for non-pecuniary damage, given the known decisions of the United Sections of I I/11/2008, in concluding that that the Councillor for Equality has the right to "get the non-pecuniary damage jure part of his criminal trial for the realization of the rights and interests that the law expressly recognizes and protects the .
therefore no problems can arise even in relation to the Recoverability of non-pecuniary damage Councillor for Equality, since the Supreme Court reiterated that, according to a constitutionally-oriented, non-pecuniary damage is reparable, the various possible hypotheses, when the tort is an abstract constitutes an offense, and in this case, not only the facts appeared to be configurable as a crime, but its proceedings are concluded with an application of the death sentence.
This can be further added, for more detailed information, that the rights of women were considered, since 1995, the Fourth World Conference on Women United Nations, human rights and violence against women seen as abuse, oppression, restrictions on personal freedoms, inequality of treatment and opportunity abduction, violation of rights is a violation of fundamental rights
of the person, affecting not only personal but also social and public.
To complete the examination of the particular case of which I treated, I add that later, and just a few days ago, it was also finally concluded the lawsuit filed by workers on the employment tribunal and in which Councillor for Equality has intervened, is lent its support to the position of the harassed worker, both on their own, pushing that right, this time in civil, acknowledged by the Court of Cassation.
And in fact, has reached a friendly settlement of the dispute with the recognition of a sum of money as well as actresses, including Councillor for Equality, as compensation for the non-pecuniary damage suffered by it and this is the full proof of the effectiveness of the damage suffered by ture its Board of Equal.
It was, as mentioned, a ruling from the Supreme Court is extremely important because innovative possibilities that the law attaches to Consiglerà Equality, extending even to the criminal field.
The ruling follows in the wake of a series of decisions that had affected, especially in the last decade, the possibility of entering the criminal trial of associations, institutions or organizations union, which had been excluded by an exclusively individualistic principle of the damage, in respect of which have grown up a address jurisprudence now constant, which recognizes the same, and in particular the trade unions, the right to a civil action not only as bearers of collective interests, but also on his own, to protect rights and principles under which the unions were born Organizations and stipulated in their statutes.
Recent events and processes Thyssen Eternit, where she was admitted to a civil union of organizations, in Turin, are proof, as well as a recent ruling of the Court of Chivasso that in a case concerning the death of 5 to asbestos workers, whose families, among others, and further confirmation that we were discussing a proper law of Trade Union Organizations, had already been fully compensated, recognized and quantified the damage 30.000,00 Euro their trade union organization, as well as some recent decisions of the Court of Cassation, which confirmed not only the right to a civil action, but also the existence of a real damage ture own dismissed by lower courts on an equitable basis.
And the position of Director of Equality and, in some ways, be considered even stronger than that of Organizations Unions and associations or bodies because its legitimacy should not even be sought in the coincidence between the interests and rights violated and the statutory purposes of the same, but derives directly, as I said earlier, by law and is inserted, therefore, on public side of the damage caused by discriminatory acts.
So, in a prosecution for crimes that concern discrimination such as harassment and sexual harassment, the Equality Councillor may claim the right to compensation:
- in relation to the unequal and unlawful injury rights to the rules for the protection of workers and workers from discrimination and harassment, particularly with regard to sexual and consequent protection and guarantee of their dignity and for their moral, for the exercise of such rights the working men and women use to express the laws of representation given to the Councillor for Equality;
- in relation to the equally unjust impairment of the right to freely pursue the institutional goals mentioned above, resulting in injury image and credibility of the institution itself, as the subject for the above exponential exposed the community of workers operating on its territory.
not be denied, then, that those associations can claim the same right that acknowledge their statutory purposes of the defense of women against discrimination, harassment and gender violence: In this regard, I like to remember as the ' Association, which I chair, the Democratic Lawyers, has been admitted as a civil party by GUP of Perugia, in a proceeding for the murder (or, to use a term that we have helped to spread in Italy, femicide) of a young pregnant woman by her husband, and this stable base of its presence in the Charter of principles designed to protect against gender discrimination and the concrete work done by the association to pursue that specific purpose, and only a problem of lack of requirement of territoriality, ie the non-existence, at the time of a membership structure of the GD then led the Court Assizes to oust Democratic Lawyers as a civil party, but the fact remains that the principle has been affirmed.
Quell'ammissione, in fact, is to represent as femicide and domestic violence does not only represent a "fact" of women, but constitutes a deep wound to society, injury against which, consequently, can act independently also those associations that have their status in the protection of women and who have actively worked in the defense of that protection.
Therefore, personal protection, social and public, which includes a full position of Councillor for Equality.
We can therefore conclude that we are dealing with an appropriate extension of the duties and functions vested by law to the Councillor for Equality, with a significant expansion of its sphere of action.
A similar interpretation can be made more effective and enhances the role of Councillor Equal promote positive action plans and promoting the principle of real equality and against the backdrop of renewed attention, both by the Italian legislature (which, being constrained by the existence of EC directives in this regard), and by the judiciary, for one of the fundamental aspects of the human person, such as discrimination based on sexual orientation.
Just the inclusion of sexual harassment or discrimination on sex, contained in art. 26 of Legislative Decree
198/2006 extends the protection of working women in terms of discrimination, including
case where it was previously excluded.
Today, therefore, Councillor for Equality, in situations in which compromises are collective rights of workers, he is faced with a choice between the establishment of a civil suit in which to request damages just as well to support the claim of the worker discrimination / harassment and the criminal proceedings pending in the eventual entry through the institution of co
civil action.
And all this can only lead to a most positive assessment of the sensitivity of the judiciary in respect of human rights and in particular to the principle of equality between the sexes.
is now to follow up this opening, developing interventions Councillor for Equality in all those charged with criminal matters that exhibit the characteristics discriminatory and, therefore, even sexual harassment, with obvious strengthening position of the individual we operate.
I known that, unfortunately, the budget available to the Director of Equality have been reduced over time, with
un'evidente contraddizione rispetto all'ampliamento dei compiti voluto dalla nuova normativa di attuazione della Direttiva Europea 2006/54/CE, con ciò rendendo più complicato ed arduo il compito alla stessa affidato dalla legge, ma proprio l'ottenimento di un risarcimento ture proprio potrebbe consentire un maggior attivismo da parte della Consigliera, e dunque, in definitiva, anche una maggior attenzione alle problematiche della discriminazione di genere.
