Intervento di Barbara Spinelli, (Gruppo Studi di Genere Giuristi Democratici) al convegno “ Cedaw e violenza di genere in una prospettiva international experiences in comparison "
Rome, November 21, 2009
Good morning all.
As argued by Pierre Bourdieu, male domination over women is the oldest and most persistent form of oppression in the world.
Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, in reference to the condition of women in the world, spoke of "hidden gendercide" gendercide hidden, to show how even today, in Italy and worldwide, the leading cause of death for women is just the 'murder by a man, and how this statistic on the size of gender violence is often hidden. Despite widespread awareness
the fact that the woman is a person, and therefore, like man, the bearer of a sphere of dignity, freedom, physical and psychological integrity inviolable, and although this principle has been legally codified, we see flagrant violations of rights rights of women around the world, simply because they are women. We
Democratic Lawyers, like many other feminists and scholars in the world, we prefer to talk of "femicide" to describe the "common mold" of all forms of discrimination and gender violence.
Taking the theory developed by Marcela Lagarde in the footsteps of Diana Russell, we believe it is the actions taken by individual men of violence physical, psychological, economic, and rules or practices which provide or cause or the effect of social discrimination in the enjoyment of rights or access to goods for women, all such documents, we represent different forms of exercise of power men over women. These acts are in place in order that the woman's behavior meets the expectations of man and society (patriarchal) that would recognized solely on the basis of the social role it is required to hold by virtue of her being a woman: the role mother, wife, daughter, sex object.
These forms of social control are destroying the public and private identity of the woman by subjecting physically or psychologically, economically, limiting the scope of self-determination, legally, politically, socially: thus constitute the main obstacle to self-determination and to the enjoyment of fundamental rights of more than half the world population.
This comprehensive vision of gender violence is repeated in art. 1 of CEDAW, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which states that "the term" discrimination against women "shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction based on gender, that results or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, il godimento o l'esercizio da parte delle donne, quale che sia il loro stato matrimoniale, dei diritti umani e delle libertà fondamentali in campo politico, economico, sociale, culturale e civile o in ogni altro campo, su base di parità tra l'uomo e la donna”.
Per questo, è importantissimo essere qui oggi e fornire una lettura del fenomeno della violenza maschile sulle donne in Italia e nel mondo, delle discriminazioni di genere, declinandole come violazioni dei diritti umani.
Le donne di tutto il mondo negli ultimi due secoli hanno intrapreso con forza un percorso politico e giuridico volto all’affermazione che i diritti delle donne sono diritti umani.
Molto spesso tuttavia le attiviste che negli anni hanno fought for women's rights were seen as activists fighting for claims "partial" and not for the recognition of fundamental rights of more than half the world population.
Where the women are still oppressed and fundamental rights are denied by law, is possible because in that place again, as always, the status of women is considered an event bound to tradition, culture, religion, something that concerns the fundamental rights of human beings, which concerns the entire society. So, even today in many countries around the world discrimination and exclusion of women from the enjoyment of fundamental rights, being considered a factor related to tradition, it is also perpetrated by the institutions, through legislation and the administration of justice, without being considered a serious infringement of fundamental human rights, the source of responsibility and specific obligations undertaken by ratifying international conventions.
Simon rightly pointed out first that, even in terms of vocabulary, it was really difficult to switch from the recognition of human rights in international law and the recognition of human rights, as well as inclusive of women's rights.
This reasoning is certainly true for the CEDAW, which originally was born as a statement, and only in 1979 was officially adopted as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The transition from "entitlement card" to the Convention was important because they can be ratified by States, the CEDAW has entered into national law with the value of primary legal source, production of legal requirements and institutional constraints to the states. No longer merely a political commitment of States for the recognition of human rights for women, but an international obligation.
If a state adopts without reservation the Convention and the Optional Protocol, it is obliged not only to create the conditions (by repealing discriminatory laws or laws providing for ad hoc where lacking) for the legal recognition of fundamental rights (right to vote, land ownership, equal rights in marriage, the right to education for women, etc..) but also agrees to make effective for women the enjoyment of these rights.
In our law the CEDAW has been ratified by Law No 132 of 14 March 1985 and entered into force since July 10, 1985. Has the value of constitutional source, and the principles affirmed in the Convention serve as parameters intervening in the proceedings of the constitutionality of the rules.
Since Italy has also acceded to the Optional Protocol without reservations, the Convention represents for us also an important tool in the monitoring of the state's promotion of positive action to combat the gender discrimination and to promote the realization of the right of every woman and child to a life free from all forms of violence. As rightly observed Carrrano
Tweety in his speech, in Italy we have a law that formally guarantees women the so-called equal opportunities, fundamental rights, we are therefore subject to the law. It is not a matter of course.
However, in Italy, as in many other developed countries, despite the principles of CEDAW have been available in a domestic law "equal opportunity", in fact the woman is still discriminated against and subject to daily violence
Here, as elsewhere, women's fundamental rights are recognized in regulatory terms, what is lacking is a concrete implementation of the existing legal framework and the allocation of adequate funds, guaranteeing women the actual enjoyment of their rights. A realization of equal opportunity for self-determination in the public and private is actually impeded by the continuing spread of a patriarchal culture, yet hegemonic.
It is this that brings us together here, women from many parts of the world, and become the linchpin of the campaign.
It 's why we have chosen Italian as activists with strength to remember this event, the thirty years since the adoption of CEDAW, with an awareness campaign, because now the crucial issue in the battle against gender discrimination is right to insist on the removal of those barriers "materials" that prevent women from enjoying the in practice the fundamental rights which are well recognized.
Today, women are discriminated against because of: hard to access to public office is the one who, statistics tell us the crisis-affected most, has a more precarious position with regard to work, is paid a salary less a equal work, is represented as a sexual object, is the subject of unwanted advances by superiors, remains the primary liability of housework and child rearing.
Even today the rules on equal opportunities, even in European countries, are not often think about having as its objective the promotion of women's rights, the creation of tools to enable women to leave situations of violence, social discrimination, economic , politics etc.. but rather are designed to protect the woman as "weak player". Very often, in fact contrary to the rules of gender discrimination and violence become an instrument of political consensus, in fact, accused for political "gender" are exploiting the woman and the size of femicide to increase social control and repression of illegal immigration on the basis of false-injury denied by all the statistics-that most of the violence is taken in the street by strangers. Without having time to explain analytically the rationale and content of the rule, I refer merely to that effect adopted the rules of standardization in our country in matters of sexual violence and the contents of the latest security packages.
It 'clear that it is implementing a strong manipulation of what is the problem of violence against women. The stereotypical and distorted representation of reality, because in Italy you can not be allocated sufficient funds to develop statistics and finance permanent observers. From the few statistics that we have but we know that in Italy only 11% of murders of women are committed by strangers outside the home, and only 7% of rapes are done by road. (In 2008, 54% of femicides was committed by partners or former partners, 21% by another relative, 14% by another known person, 11% unknown). This means that out of 10 homicides of women, 7 feminicide are committed at the hands of partners, ex, or the victim's family. The data are similar to the rapes.
Male violence against women occurs in the home and in the context of marital relations because in Italy as in other European countries, despite the regulatory changes, you can still appreciate the idea that women must be linked to the role of mother and wife, family care, or true only as a sexual object, is still spoken women and women of good for evil. At a time when the woman chooses to self-determination and to move away from situations of denigration, control, increasing physical violence, stalking begins. In the moment when a conflict pair of this conflict is transformed into forms of economic control, psychological violence, physical violence, which comes up to the killing of the woman.
For this issue, as correctly noted Tweety Carrano, is a cultural problem: the problem is still the elimination of a patriarchal mentality that wants the woman still tied to traditional roles, both in the private daily erotic imagery of the body available. This
sexist imagery across all cultures: it is the universal desire to control the woman as "a creative resource," as "bitch", and therefore as a pivot of the family and of society itself. Until, in the name of religion or in the name of the greater good of the community, Member States will sacrifice the freedom and self determination of women to the protection of "moral" and "family", the protection of women in terms of its social role as mother and wife, the fundamental rights of women continue to be trampled.
Gender stereotypes are still radicatissimi today and there is no political will to act, both in the legal sense of that culture, to eliminate them.
Where there is a connivance at the institutional machismo, misogyny, patriarchy in, there is a
State responsibilities. In Mexico, femicide is a crime of state. The IACHR has established in its recent ruling sought by NGOs for the protection of human rights and mothers of victims of Ciudad Juarez.
Not only that, the list of "rogue states" that oppress women would long.
For this reason, it is necessary to enhance the CEDAW as an analytical lens that highlights where it still lurks facto discrimination, as regards the aspects taken into account in all articles.
The Convention is an important policy tool for the Government to draw a proper management of resources devoted to equal opportunity policies, and to verify that the objectives of policies and standards relating to equal opportunities meet the guidelines set forth by the Committee periodically the implementation of CEDAW.
States that have ratified the CEDAW and other regional papers, have assumed an obligation in mind: ensure that women have citizenship, or that they may in practice enjoy their fundamental rights. This implies an obligation for the state to take action to remove discriminatory situations not only through regulatory changes but also by promoting a cultural change, acknowledging that freedom of choice of the woman, her psychological and physical integrity are absolute values, that must be recognized without compromise.
Our responsibility as women and as activists, is enormous: each of us is called on its territory to claim that the silence and inactivity of states to address the gender discrimination and violence that are consumed within its borders is a violation dei diritti umani, che lede non solo le donne ma l’umanità tutta, perché ostacola lo sviluppo della democrazia e produce disuguaglianza e perdita di opportunità.
In Italia noi come Giuriste Democratiche abbiamo richiamato i principi della CEDAW in varie occasioni: nel proporre emendamenti al progetto di legge organica Bindi Mastella Pollastrini, nell’evidenziare le criticità del disegno di legge in materia di atti persecutori, nel censurare l’irruzione delle forze dell’ordine nel Policlinico di Napoli e l’accusa di feticidio nei confronti di una donna che regolarmente stava praticando l’IVG.
Abbiamo perfino proposto una interrogazione parlamentare a risposta scritta (On. Deiana, Dioguardi, De Simone, No 4-02065 in 2006) to ask why the recommendation from the Committee for the implementation of CEDAW had not been either translated or disseminated, or placed at the base of parliamentary work in the field. Of course, now we have not been answered.
More recently, we have stressed the principles of the Committee and the Committee's recommendations for the implementation of CEDAW to demand the removal of an ominous and sexist advertising that had been used by pole Romagnoli University of Bologna to promote enrollment. This publication is four girls on white background, representing the four branches of the University of Romagna Bologna, vestite da power ranger, da fantastiche quattro con delle tutine attillate, bianche, trasparenti, da super eroina, con il nome della città in bella vista all’altezza del seno, ovviamente sorretto da wonderbra. Lo slogan era: Le Fantastiche 4 - Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna, Rimini - Il massimo per i tuoi studi universitari. Quindi un’immagine molto sessualizzata, erotica, che richiamava al fatto che la riviera romagnola è internazionalmente conosciuta come luogo di divertimento e dunque andare all’università lì avrebbe concesso ai giovani immatricolandi di godere di quelle bellezze, “il massimo”, secondo chi ha ideato la campagna evidentemente, che un ragazzo fuorisede si aspetta nella sua esperienza universitaria. Aldilà dell’interpretazione che se ne voglia dare, è evidente che la pubblicità delle “Fantastiche4” è lesiva della dignità della donna e discriminatoria, in quanto veicola stereotipi di genere. Noi nel chiedere la rimozione dei manifesti e il ritiro della campagna pubblicitaria, divenuta poi caso nazionale, abbiamo richiamato all’attenzione delle istituzioni e delle Università proprio il fatto che questa pubblicità era discriminatoria in quanto contrastava con i principi sanciti dalla CEDAW e ribaditi dalle raccomandazioni all’Italia del 2005, oltre che con la Carta europea per le pari opportunità nelle vita locale, Carta a cui il Comune di Ravenna aveva aderito.
Questi erano semplicemente esempi di come anche in Italia sia possibile attivarsi chiedendo il rispetto e l’attuazione dei principi sanciti dalla CEDAW non solo da parte delle Istituzioni ma anche da parte degli enti pubblici, degli enti locali, dei privati.
As argued by Pierre Bourdieu, male domination over women is the oldest and most persistent form of oppression in the world.
Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, in reference to the condition of women in the world, spoke of "hidden gendercide" gendercide hidden, to show how even today, in Italy and worldwide, the leading cause of death for women is just the 'murder by a man, and how this statistic on the size of gender violence is often hidden. Despite widespread awareness
the fact that the woman is a person, and therefore, like man, the bearer of a sphere of dignity, freedom, physical and psychological integrity inviolable, and although this principle has been legally codified, we see flagrant violations of rights rights of women around the world, simply because they are women. We
Democratic Lawyers, like many other feminists and scholars in the world, we prefer to talk of "femicide" to describe the "common mold" of all forms of discrimination and gender violence.
Taking the theory developed by Marcela Lagarde in the footsteps of Diana Russell, we believe it is the actions taken by individual men of violence physical, psychological, economic, and rules or practices which provide or cause or the effect of social discrimination in the enjoyment of rights or access to goods for women, all such documents, we represent different forms of exercise of power men over women. These acts are in place in order that the woman's behavior meets the expectations of man and society (patriarchal) that would recognized solely on the basis of the social role it is required to hold by virtue of her being a woman: the role mother, wife, daughter, sex object.
These forms of social control are destroying the public and private identity of the woman by subjecting physically or psychologically, economically, limiting the scope of self-determination, legally, politically, socially: thus constitute the main obstacle to self-determination and to the enjoyment of fundamental rights of more than half the world population.
This comprehensive vision of gender violence is repeated in art. 1 of CEDAW, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which states that "the term" discrimination against women "shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction based on gender, that results or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, il godimento o l'esercizio da parte delle donne, quale che sia il loro stato matrimoniale, dei diritti umani e delle libertà fondamentali in campo politico, economico, sociale, culturale e civile o in ogni altro campo, su base di parità tra l'uomo e la donna”.
Per questo, è importantissimo essere qui oggi e fornire una lettura del fenomeno della violenza maschile sulle donne in Italia e nel mondo, delle discriminazioni di genere, declinandole come violazioni dei diritti umani.
Le donne di tutto il mondo negli ultimi due secoli hanno intrapreso con forza un percorso politico e giuridico volto all’affermazione che i diritti delle donne sono diritti umani.
Molto spesso tuttavia le attiviste che negli anni hanno fought for women's rights were seen as activists fighting for claims "partial" and not for the recognition of fundamental rights of more than half the world population.
Where the women are still oppressed and fundamental rights are denied by law, is possible because in that place again, as always, the status of women is considered an event bound to tradition, culture, religion, something that concerns the fundamental rights of human beings, which concerns the entire society. So, even today in many countries around the world discrimination and exclusion of women from the enjoyment of fundamental rights, being considered a factor related to tradition, it is also perpetrated by the institutions, through legislation and the administration of justice, without being considered a serious infringement of fundamental human rights, the source of responsibility and specific obligations undertaken by ratifying international conventions.
Simon rightly pointed out first that, even in terms of vocabulary, it was really difficult to switch from the recognition of human rights in international law and the recognition of human rights, as well as inclusive of women's rights.
This reasoning is certainly true for the CEDAW, which originally was born as a statement, and only in 1979 was officially adopted as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The transition from "entitlement card" to the Convention was important because they can be ratified by States, the CEDAW has entered into national law with the value of primary legal source, production of legal requirements and institutional constraints to the states. No longer merely a political commitment of States for the recognition of human rights for women, but an international obligation.
If a state adopts without reservation the Convention and the Optional Protocol, it is obliged not only to create the conditions (by repealing discriminatory laws or laws providing for ad hoc where lacking) for the legal recognition of fundamental rights (right to vote, land ownership, equal rights in marriage, the right to education for women, etc..) but also agrees to make effective for women the enjoyment of these rights.
In our law the CEDAW has been ratified by Law No 132 of 14 March 1985 and entered into force since July 10, 1985. Has the value of constitutional source, and the principles affirmed in the Convention serve as parameters intervening in the proceedings of the constitutionality of the rules.
Since Italy has also acceded to the Optional Protocol without reservations, the Convention represents for us also an important tool in the monitoring of the state's promotion of positive action to combat the gender discrimination and to promote the realization of the right of every woman and child to a life free from all forms of violence. As rightly observed Carrrano
Tweety in his speech, in Italy we have a law that formally guarantees women the so-called equal opportunities, fundamental rights, we are therefore subject to the law. It is not a matter of course.
However, in Italy, as in many other developed countries, despite the principles of CEDAW have been available in a domestic law "equal opportunity", in fact the woman is still discriminated against and subject to daily violence
Here, as elsewhere, women's fundamental rights are recognized in regulatory terms, what is lacking is a concrete implementation of the existing legal framework and the allocation of adequate funds, guaranteeing women the actual enjoyment of their rights. A realization of equal opportunity for self-determination in the public and private is actually impeded by the continuing spread of a patriarchal culture, yet hegemonic.
It is this that brings us together here, women from many parts of the world, and become the linchpin of the campaign.
It 's why we have chosen Italian as activists with strength to remember this event, the thirty years since the adoption of CEDAW, with an awareness campaign, because now the crucial issue in the battle against gender discrimination is right to insist on the removal of those barriers "materials" that prevent women from enjoying the in practice the fundamental rights which are well recognized.
Today, women are discriminated against because of: hard to access to public office is the one who, statistics tell us the crisis-affected most, has a more precarious position with regard to work, is paid a salary less a equal work, is represented as a sexual object, is the subject of unwanted advances by superiors, remains the primary liability of housework and child rearing.
Even today the rules on equal opportunities, even in European countries, are not often think about having as its objective the promotion of women's rights, the creation of tools to enable women to leave situations of violence, social discrimination, economic , politics etc.. but rather are designed to protect the woman as "weak player". Very often, in fact contrary to the rules of gender discrimination and violence become an instrument of political consensus, in fact, accused for political "gender" are exploiting the woman and the size of femicide to increase social control and repression of illegal immigration on the basis of false-injury denied by all the statistics-that most of the violence is taken in the street by strangers. Without having time to explain analytically the rationale and content of the rule, I refer merely to that effect adopted the rules of standardization in our country in matters of sexual violence and the contents of the latest security packages.
It 'clear that it is implementing a strong manipulation of what is the problem of violence against women. The stereotypical and distorted representation of reality, because in Italy you can not be allocated sufficient funds to develop statistics and finance permanent observers. From the few statistics that we have but we know that in Italy only 11% of murders of women are committed by strangers outside the home, and only 7% of rapes are done by road. (In 2008, 54% of femicides was committed by partners or former partners, 21% by another relative, 14% by another known person, 11% unknown). This means that out of 10 homicides of women, 7 feminicide are committed at the hands of partners, ex, or the victim's family. The data are similar to the rapes.
Male violence against women occurs in the home and in the context of marital relations because in Italy as in other European countries, despite the regulatory changes, you can still appreciate the idea that women must be linked to the role of mother and wife, family care, or true only as a sexual object, is still spoken women and women of good for evil. At a time when the woman chooses to self-determination and to move away from situations of denigration, control, increasing physical violence, stalking begins. In the moment when a conflict pair of this conflict is transformed into forms of economic control, psychological violence, physical violence, which comes up to the killing of the woman.
For this issue, as correctly noted Tweety Carrano, is a cultural problem: the problem is still the elimination of a patriarchal mentality that wants the woman still tied to traditional roles, both in the private daily erotic imagery of the body available. This
sexist imagery across all cultures: it is the universal desire to control the woman as "a creative resource," as "bitch", and therefore as a pivot of the family and of society itself. Until, in the name of religion or in the name of the greater good of the community, Member States will sacrifice the freedom and self determination of women to the protection of "moral" and "family", the protection of women in terms of its social role as mother and wife, the fundamental rights of women continue to be trampled.
Gender stereotypes are still radicatissimi today and there is no political will to act, both in the legal sense of that culture, to eliminate them.
Where there is a connivance at the institutional machismo, misogyny, patriarchy in, there is a
State responsibilities. In Mexico, femicide is a crime of state. The IACHR has established in its recent ruling sought by NGOs for the protection of human rights and mothers of victims of Ciudad Juarez.
Not only that, the list of "rogue states" that oppress women would long.
For this reason, it is necessary to enhance the CEDAW as an analytical lens that highlights where it still lurks facto discrimination, as regards the aspects taken into account in all articles.
The Convention is an important policy tool for the Government to draw a proper management of resources devoted to equal opportunity policies, and to verify that the objectives of policies and standards relating to equal opportunities meet the guidelines set forth by the Committee periodically the implementation of CEDAW.
States that have ratified the CEDAW and other regional papers, have assumed an obligation in mind: ensure that women have citizenship, or that they may in practice enjoy their fundamental rights. This implies an obligation for the state to take action to remove discriminatory situations not only through regulatory changes but also by promoting a cultural change, acknowledging that freedom of choice of the woman, her psychological and physical integrity are absolute values, that must be recognized without compromise.
Our responsibility as women and as activists, is enormous: each of us is called on its territory to claim that the silence and inactivity of states to address the gender discrimination and violence that are consumed within its borders is a violation dei diritti umani, che lede non solo le donne ma l’umanità tutta, perché ostacola lo sviluppo della democrazia e produce disuguaglianza e perdita di opportunità.
In Italia noi come Giuriste Democratiche abbiamo richiamato i principi della CEDAW in varie occasioni: nel proporre emendamenti al progetto di legge organica Bindi Mastella Pollastrini, nell’evidenziare le criticità del disegno di legge in materia di atti persecutori, nel censurare l’irruzione delle forze dell’ordine nel Policlinico di Napoli e l’accusa di feticidio nei confronti di una donna che regolarmente stava praticando l’IVG.
Abbiamo perfino proposto una interrogazione parlamentare a risposta scritta (On. Deiana, Dioguardi, De Simone, No 4-02065 in 2006) to ask why the recommendation from the Committee for the implementation of CEDAW had not been either translated or disseminated, or placed at the base of parliamentary work in the field. Of course, now we have not been answered.
More recently, we have stressed the principles of the Committee and the Committee's recommendations for the implementation of CEDAW to demand the removal of an ominous and sexist advertising that had been used by pole Romagnoli University of Bologna to promote enrollment. This publication is four girls on white background, representing the four branches of the University of Romagna Bologna, vestite da power ranger, da fantastiche quattro con delle tutine attillate, bianche, trasparenti, da super eroina, con il nome della città in bella vista all’altezza del seno, ovviamente sorretto da wonderbra. Lo slogan era: Le Fantastiche 4 - Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna, Rimini - Il massimo per i tuoi studi universitari. Quindi un’immagine molto sessualizzata, erotica, che richiamava al fatto che la riviera romagnola è internazionalmente conosciuta come luogo di divertimento e dunque andare all’università lì avrebbe concesso ai giovani immatricolandi di godere di quelle bellezze, “il massimo”, secondo chi ha ideato la campagna evidentemente, che un ragazzo fuorisede si aspetta nella sua esperienza universitaria. Aldilà dell’interpretazione che se ne voglia dare, è evidente che la pubblicità delle “Fantastiche4” è lesiva della dignità della donna e discriminatoria, in quanto veicola stereotipi di genere. Noi nel chiedere la rimozione dei manifesti e il ritiro della campagna pubblicitaria, divenuta poi caso nazionale, abbiamo richiamato all’attenzione delle istituzioni e delle Università proprio il fatto che questa pubblicità era discriminatoria in quanto contrastava con i principi sanciti dalla CEDAW e ribaditi dalle raccomandazioni all’Italia del 2005, oltre che con la Carta europea per le pari opportunità nelle vita locale, Carta a cui il Comune di Ravenna aveva aderito.
Questi erano semplicemente esempi di come anche in Italia sia possibile attivarsi chiedendo il rispetto e l’attuazione dei principi sanciti dalla CEDAW non solo da parte delle Istituzioni ma anche da parte degli enti pubblici, degli enti locali, dei privati.
La CEDAW vive nel momento in cui ognuna di noi riconosce nel fatto che le accade, o che accade nella propria comunità, la concreta lesione di uno dei diritti fondamentali sanciti dalla Convenzione, e, riconosciutolo, lo denunci in quanto tale, sia politicamente sia anche utilizzando le procedure specifiche previste dalla Convenzione.
Mettersi in rete, invocando ognuna nei propri Paesi il rispetto e l’attuazione dei principi sanciti dalla CEDAW, significa essere unite nella combating gender discrimination and violence, specifically, to build a better society, free from all forms of oppression.
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