CHAMBERS. MONICA Miserocchi - Democratic Lawyers
PART I) CIVIL ACTION RIGHT (art. 74 cpp)
-injured by the crime-
universal successor of the injured
are the persons entitled to bring civil action in a criminal trial for the financial damage and statements ex art. Cp 185 against the guilty.
II) WHO 'injured by the crime?
- Natural person
- Committees, riconociute associations, collectives
- Public or private legal entities and associations provided
III) LIMIT THE EXERCISE OF CIVIL ACTION IN CRIMINAL
- After the prosecution to
- Deadline peremptory : preliminary hearing, and to the requirements under 484 cpp
NOT PERMITTED civil action in a criminal trial *:
a) fixed as a result of the hearing request pursuant to Art. Cpp 444 submitted during the preliminary investigation
b) set the hearing as a result of plea bargain agreed after the request for trial immediate
PM * CASS. SU., 27.11.2008, N. 47803
IV) REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RIGHT EXPONENTIAL OF LOCAL INTEREST GROUP OR BROADCAST
(The business entity must have the ideal purpose explicit and specific protection of the legal offended by the crime)
2) When there is continuity and relevance of the contribution actually made by the defense of the legal harmed by the
crime (activity entity must actually be directed specifically to the protection of the legal harmed by the crime)
ORDER 22.10.2008, the Court of Turin - THYSSENKRUUPP
The order allows the plaintiffs and has instead Democratic Medicine Codacons because of the exclusion, in relation to point 1:
"(...) the purpose of the association (Codacons) that can read in the present state genercità a clear formulation in the first place are completely absent in the State of any specificity with regard to the implementation of health in the workplace and health god the latter, while the reading of the statute of Medicine shows that the Democratic non-profit health care in the workplace and to 'work environment substantiates a specific aim of the association of action (...) »
Iin report point 2:
"(...) neither seems sufficient (to demonstrate the practical business of) the involvement of Codacons study initiatives in the d. Decree Law 81/2008, or participation in conferences on topics related work, because of their episodic nature, while in favor of the Democratic of Medicine has earned plenty of evidence annexed to the Constitution in particular n. del febbraio 2008 della rivista pubblicata dall’associazione non a caso denominata « Lavoro e salute »
GIP, Trib. di Napoli, ordinanza 02.03.2007 - conforme GIP, Trib. di Rimini, ordinanza 15.07.2008
« Nella fase preliminare del procedimento, nel giudizio di ammissibilità e/o esclusione dell’ente non è consentito al giudice di anticipare un giudizio di merito sulla fondatezza dell’istanza risarcitoria, neanche in via meramente probabilistica o presuntiva »
PARTE SECONDA
DEFINIZIONE DEL DANNO PER REATI INTEGRANTI VIOLENZA DI GENERE
V) DEFINITION OF DISCRIMINATION AND GENDER VIOLENCE
(Article 1 CEDAW)
Any distinction, exclusion or restriction based on gender, which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by for women, whatever their marital status, human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field, on the basis of equality between man and woman.
VI) CRIMINAL CASE ARE GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ( femicide ):
-
SEXUAL VIOLENCE - SEXUAL ACTS WITH MINOR
-
ABUSE - persecution or
- HARASSMENT AND INJURIES
- MURDER
- procured abortion
- INJURY
- Beatings
- PRIVATE VIOLENCE
- (etc.)
Where the action is put in be an expression of misogyny or as an act of control, power, revenge from the man on the woman for the mere fact of being a woman, or by virtue of a relationship based on unequal relationships.
VII) DAMAGE TO GENDER VIOLENCE
La violenza sulle donne intesa come abuso, sopraffazione, limitazione delle libertà personali, disparità di trattamento e sottrazione di opportunità, violazione di diritti, rappresenta una violazione dei diritti fondamentali della persona, ed anche un fenomeno che coinvolge l’intera struttura della società ovvero la vita sociale in tutte le sue articolazioni.
In ragione di ciò, si può affermare che il danno causato dalla violenza di genere ha una triplice dimensione lesiva:
1) PERSONALE
2) SOCIALE
3) PUBBLICA
DIMENSIONE PERSONALE DEL DANNO
(danno vittima)
lesione del diritto fondamentale all’integrità psico-fisica di ogni persona
DIMENSIONE SOCIALE DEL DANNO
(danno associazione, sindacato)
Lesione dei diritti inviolabili nelle formazioni sociali in cui si sviluppa la personalità umana ex art. 2 Cost.
DIMENSIONE PUBBLICA DEL DANNO
(danno enti pubblici)
Lesione del diritto-dovere pubblico spettante alle istituzioni centrali e periferiche di garantire l’integrità psicofisica delle/dei propri consociati e di eliminare ogni ostacolo di ordine economico e sociale che, limitando di fatto la libertà equality of citizens prevents the full development of human art. 3 Cst
VIII) THE REVIEW OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CIVIL
locus standi REVIEW
The ability to pursue the civil action lies with the respective representatives without a specific mandate by workers
( Court of Monza, 09/06/2003 )
The union is also entitled in the event that a worker injured party is not even writing (COBAS)
The lack of representativeness is not relevant for purposes of a civil based on the objectives Articles of Association and Article. 9 Workers' Statute, but only for the purposes of determining the amount of damages which should take account of the small number of members of the association.
( Court Bergamo, 25.06.2008, No 1695 )
REVIEW THE CIVIL SEXUAL VIOLENCE AT WORK
Cass. Pen. Sec. III, 26.03.2008 No 12738
On the subject of sex crimes, the SIULP (Union of Italian police unit employees) is entitled to a civil, not as a representative body of common interest such as damaged but the crime of sexual violence committed by an officer against a subject agent registered to it, in order to get the rest of the damage suffered.
because the mayor has been damaged by the crime? (Social impairment)
"The solution adopted by the lower courts and 'aligned with the principles enunciated by this Court in regulating ( sect. 3, 12.3.2007 No 15983; sect. 6, 314 / 1990, rv. 185,501), according to which a person can 'a civil action not only when the damage is in a good on which he boasts a property right, but more' in general, when the injury coincides with the infringement of a subjective right of subject itself, as is the case in which offended both the interest pursued by an association in relation to a detailed historical situation, which it assumed in the association bylaws to its very reason for existence and action, such as the subject of an absolute right and essential entity because dell'immedesimazione between the association and the interest pursued. "
" In that case, the interest historicized locates the association, with the result that any attack on the interest in it appears as flesh wound of the right of personality 'or identity', if you prefer , the association itself. According to that principle, on the locus of legal persons and entities in fact in a civil action shall be considered conclusively that when the widespread interest in the protection of property legal and not 'just an abstract set, but takes the form of a given reality' historic event of which the association has made its goal to become the reason and, for this ', a constitutive element of it, and' admissible as plaintiff in this institution, provided that the offense has resulted in a violation of an individual right inherent with the specific objective pursued. "
The union is directly damaged by the conduct of the accused because it infringes the precise order sought by the body.
according to that provision and the above principle, the conduct must be regarded as an integral offense directly affecting the victim, but is suitable for the concomitant impact on dignity ' lavorativa e sulla serenita' del lavoratore che ne e' vittima, a creare danno al sindacato, in quanto in contrasto con il preciso fine dal medesimo perseguito e cioe' quello che, ex cit. articolo 4 dello Statuto, e' proprio di tutelare la condizione lavorativa e di vita degli iscritti sul luogo di lavoro.
Il SIULP, quindi, riveste la qualita' di soggetto danneggiato dalla condotta criminosa, in difesa del proprio diritto alla protezione dell'interesse collettivo dei lavoratori di Polizia, in particolare di un proprio iscritto, avendo il reato palesemente violato la tutela della salute fisica e psichica del lavoratore sul luogo di lavoro.
Ne deriva che il reato ascritto all'imputato ha arrecato un danno diretto e immediato al SIULP, resulted in the injury of the prestige and credibility 'of the same, resulting from the frustration of the pursuit and achievement of institutional purposes of this collective body such as the protection of health and' psycho-physical activity of workers.
IX) THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CIVILIAN GROUPS
ASSOCIATION DEMOCRATIC LAWYERS FOR CIVIL PART femicide (murder + + ill procured abortion)
The establishment of civil associations is permissible when the widespread interest in the protection the property is not protected abstract connotation but is expressed in a particular historical reality of which the association ha fatto il proprio scopo e che è diventata la ragione e, perciò, elemento costitutivo di esso, purché - comunque- dal reato sia derivata una lesione di un diritto soggettivo inerente lo scopo specifico perseguito in concreto.
Le associazioni, ivi comprese quelle a carattere locale e non riconosciute, in quanto formazioni sociali nelle quali si svolge dinamicamente la personalità di ogni uomo, titolare di diritti inalienabili, possono costituirsi parti civili in quanto abbiano dato prova di continuità della loro azione, aderenza al territorio, rilevanza del loro contributo. In tal caso l'interesse diffuso da esse perseguito è rivolto alla salvaguardia di una situazione storicamente circostanziata, la quale è stata fatta propria dal sodalizio come suo scopo specifico [vedi Cass., Sez. III, 21.5.1993, n. 5230, P.C. in proc. Tessarolo e 13.11.1992, n. 10956, P.M. in proc. Serlenga ed altri ].
CASS. sez. III, 10.06.2002, n. 22539
I DIRITTI DELLE DONNE SONO DIRITTI UMANI.
Associazione a tutela dei diritti umani parte civile in un processo per reati integranti violenza di genere.
GUP, Tribunale di Perugia, 18.03.2008
"Venendo ai due enti la cui costituzione viene contestata dalla difesa, si rileva in effetti che i rispettivi fini statutari hanno portata decisamente più ampia, e che in entrambi i casi le condotte. ascritte all'imputato possono intendersi lesive di situazioni giuridiche che quelle associazioni potrebbero rappresentare al pari di diritti decisamente diversi: ergo, si tratta di condotte che non verrebbero a minare quella che potrebbe intendersi la ragione ontologica degli enti.
Tuttavia, non sembra potersi ragionevolmente confondere la genesi di un ente con quella che poi ne diventa la manifestazione concreta nel contesto sociale in cui viene ad operare, e d'altro canto è evidente che – in prospettiva - un'associazione più direttamente coinvolta e colpita nella sua essenza potrà vantare ragioni di risarcimento superiori a quelle azionabili da un ente portatore di interessi diffusi di taglio più generale: ovviamente, si tratterebbe di questioni di merito sulla valutazione in concreto delle domande, non già sull'ammissibilità delle stesse ancora a monte.
Come anche argomentato nei due atti di costituzione, è comprovato attraverso i documenti allegati, se è vero che la tutela delle donne non rappresentava l'unica ragion d'essere dei "Giuristi Democratici" o di "Ossigeno Onlus", essa ne è sicuramente diventata - anche nell'immagine che la collettività riconosce oggi alle due associazioni, il che ha le sue rilevanti implicazioni in punto di eventuali danni non patrimoniali conseguenti a condotte criminose - un obiettivo specifico di azione e di interesse, portando entrambe le associazioni in questione ad organizzare sul tema iniziative di rilievo national levels, and rising to landmarks Finance in its observations on draft legislative reform.
is agreed with the defense about the need to impose real limits on the provision of civil action in situations such as this, otherwise running the risk of legitimizing the entry in criminal cases even those who have mere general reference, even simple references to the content in the first rules of the Constitution, but it is stressed, the assessment must be made concrete by analyzing what might be the primary reasons that led some people to join years ago, but particularly in how it came to the associations there have been operating concretamente per la tute-la dei diritti posti a fondamento delle istanze risarcitorie.
Da ultimo, va considerato che per tutti gli enti è stato congruamente dedotto il radicamento nel territorio della Regione dell'Umbria, a sostegno del rapporto di immediata derivazione causale dalla condotta dell'imputato dei danni rispettivamente lamentati".
X) LA COSTITUZIONE COME PARTE CIVILE DI ENTI PUBBLICI
DIMENSIONE PUBBLICA DEL DANNO LEGITTIMAZIONE AD AGIRE DEGLI ENTI PUBBLICI
“Avverte ancora il giudice delle leggi che "risulta superata la considerazione secondo cui il diritto al risarcimento del danno sorge solo a seguito della perdita finanziaria contabile nel bilancio of the public, that is the property of the lesion, to avoid affecting property belonging to another State ... The locus, which is attributed to the state and smaller institutions, has no basis in fact that they have incurred expenses to repair the damage, or the fact that they have suffered an economic loss but their function to protect the public and community in its own territory and interests of ecological balance, biological and sociological territory to which they are part. "
Cass. pen., sec. III, No. 22539 of 10.06.2002
Supreme Section 6, No 59/1990, Monticelli, RV.
182947 "The institutions and associations are entitled action for damages. In a criminal through a civil, if by the offense have received damage to its own interest, provided that the interest affected the same as a real right or with a subjective right of association, and therefore also is offended if the interest pursued in reference to a situation detailed historically, it has taken to heart association and engaged in the statute to its very reason for existence and action, such as the subject of an absolute right and essential entity.
"This is because dell'immedesimazione between the institution itself and the interest pursued, both because of the incorporation between the members and the association same, so that this, for the affection towards the interest societatis chosen and this caused the injury, he suffers an injury and therefore also non-economic loss from the offense "
Cass., Section 3, UP 10/03/2007 , Ferrucci
COMMON CIVIL PARTY FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Cass., pen. sect. III, 15.10.2008 No 38835
The ruling could accept the establishment of a civil party in the City of Rome in a proceeding concerning the crime of sexual violence.
The recognition of the capacity of local civil in this matter constitutes a novel for judges of legitimacy to this ruling had spoken negatively about.
( see: Cass. Pen. Sect. II, 04.02.1999, Siliberto; Cass. Pen. Sect. III, 18.09.2001, Romano )
"for the prevention and suppression of violations of the rules of to protect the freedom to determine the woman's head can be configured in the City (which, towards the area where the crime is committed, has a stable functional relationship between such protection and put their own purposes, primary and independent) ownership of a individual right and a compensable injury, individuals in each lesion of the right itself, so that it is entitled to as plaintiff for moral damages and material about the attack, immediately and directly, the business purpose. "
basis of non-pecuniary damage of the public
The basis of the damage to the public body resides in the offense of the protected, here be understood in contrast to gender violence as a means of promoting equal opportunities and the removal of all forms of discrimination based on gender or sexual orientation in its territory.
The pursuit of this objective is a specific institutional debt, which is founded:
- In art. 3 and 117 Cost;
- In CEDAW, which must be implemented at every institutional level
- The accession to the European Charter for equality and equal
women and men in local life
- The statutory provisions
- In the implementation of plans ( national and local) action against the
discrimination and gender violence
In the case of the City of Rome, the Supreme Court has determined
1) the provision of statutory commitment to equal opportunities
"(...) In this case, among the primary goals and self-employed within the City of Rome, according to the Statute adopted the promotion of economic, social and cultural life of the local community with particular reference to the condition of youth and women (Article 2 co. 5).
The City also has proposed to guarantee equal opportunities for women ... to treat the pursuit of the objective by adopting a code of conduct to ensure a climate of mutual respect between the full and true men and women, with particular attention to the elimination of situations of sexual harassment (Article 4 co. 2, e). "
2) the implementation of concrete policies to combat gender-based violence
"(...) For the implementation of the forecast statutaria è stato costituito, come accertato in sede di merito, un apposito ufficio dipartimentale con l'assunzione d'iniziative concrete tendenti a perseguire l'obiettivo di contrastare fenomeni d'aggressione alla realtà femminile e sono state investite risorse economiche per fare affermare una cultura femminile autonoma con l'affidamento di un immobile a un consorzio di associazioni femminili e con l'istituzione di un centro comunale di accoglienza per donne vittime di violenza. “
Verificata la sussistenza di tali requisiti ha sancito che:
1) il Comune è legittimato ad agire
“ In tal modo, il Comune ha normativamente trasformato general and common interests of citizens represented in their specific interests and special object of its powers and its institutional duties, hence the leader in configurability it's a real interest in the preservation of historically detailed a situation that has become his primary goal and an essential element. "
2) Sexual abuse harms the interest of the community to a non-sexist society
" THEREFORE, THE SEXUAL ABUSE ADVERSELY AFFECTED NOT ONLY THE PHYSICAL AND MORAL FREEDOM OF WOMEN, BUT THE REAL INTEREST CITY OF PRESERVING THE LAND FROM SUCH PHENOMENA DETERIORATE HAVING THE SAME SINCE THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF THAT WELL AS ITS PRIMARY OBJECTIVE . "
CASS. PEN. SEC. III JUDGEMENT 10/15/2008 N. 38835
From this, according to the Supreme Court, follows a law of the City is its capital and to pay damages of non-pecuniary damage:
"From the frustration of the purposes and goals of the damage could be achieved direct economic capital may suffer decreases in local bodies set up to alleviate the trauma of victims of sexual abuse, so that, having to consider the City Council of that institution representing interests, the same is entitled, as such, a costituirsi parte civile nel processo penale, ai sensi dell'art. 185 c.p. e art. 74 c.p.p..”
“Inoltre, è configurabile in capo al Comune un danno morale per la lesione dell'interesse perseguito di garantire la libertà di autodeterminazione della donna e la pacifica convivenza nell'ambito comunale, beni sociali statutariamente individuati come oggetto specifico di tutela.”
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