Maria Acierno
What rights for which women?
Women and legitimacy of fundamental rights in case
track of the relationship of Dr. Maria Acierno training seminar for forensic "The international instruments for the protection of victims of violence and gender discrimination", organized by lawyers and Democrats say. Bologna, 14.01.2010.
The question most contemporary and dramatic play means when an investigation is incomplete as well as what I am doing, can not ignore that in our legal system and socio-economic living
a catalog of basic rights , based on the trinomial dignity-liberty-equality that receive legal protection constitutional and international community almost completa, come potrà osservarsi dall’esame delle pronunce della Corte Costituzionale e della Corte di Cassazione. Tale tutela non è fruibile, però, in condizioni di parità, da cittadini italiani e stranieri.
Dovendo focalizzare l’esame sui diritti fondamentali delle donne, lo squilibrio nell’accesso e nel godimento di tali diritti si fa addirittura più ampio a causa della legislazione interna sull’immigrazione.
Perciò si deve tenere presente che l’esame dei principi e dei valori elaborati dalle Corti Supreme, mostrerà un quadro di strumenti di protezione e di tutela non accessibile in condizioni di parità alle donne italiane e straniere nonostante che i diritti tutelati abbiano nature of the inviolable rights of the person calling universal, as evidenced by their undisputed recognition in the constitutions of all western countries and the Bill of Rights enshrined in international conventions (such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights man and now the European Charter of Rights which is binding throughout the European Union after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon).
E 'therefore necessary, before considering how it will be self-determination and freedom
women through the tools to enforce criminal (criminal laws on sexual violence, stalking and mutilation nuovalegge female genitalia) and civil (parity and equality in family choices regarding motherhood and work), to highlight that with the introduction
the crime of illegal immigration (Article 10 bis of Legislative Decree No. 286 of 1998 , as amended by Law No. 94 of
2009), stands charged to the court (civil and administrative) to be invested
a request for protection by a foreign woman, the obligation to report pursuant to Art. 331, fourth paragraph, no. proc. pen.
E 'therefore necessary, before considering how it will be self-determination and freedom
women through the tools to enforce criminal (criminal laws on sexual violence, stalking and mutilation nuovalegge female genitalia) and civil (parity and equality in family choices regarding motherhood and work), to highlight that with the introduction
the crime of illegal immigration (Article 10 bis of Legislative Decree No. 286 of 1998 , as amended by Law No. 94 of
2009), stands charged to the court (civil and administrative) to be invested
a request for protection by a foreign woman, the obligation to report pursuant to Art. 331, fourth paragraph, no. proc. pen.
As for the criminal protection, the situation is very different, being held under the first paragraph of that article, law enforcement officials and representatives of public service (ie representatives administrative authorities or agencies that receive instances) to report all crime reports to which they become aware of their duties.
Beyond's technical and interpretative options that tend to limit the scope of these rules when an alien unlawful act to protect its rights, it is to report a widespread climate of fear and a high level of subjective and collective perception of risk to which a woman (or man) alien shall submit the complaint if the conditions of deprivation of fundamental rights during his stay in Italy, if not provided with a regular residence permit.
Beyond's technical and interpretative options that tend to limit the scope of these rules when an alien unlawful act to protect its rights, it is to report a widespread climate of fear and a high level of subjective and collective perception of risk to which a woman (or man) alien shall submit the complaint if the conditions of deprivation of fundamental rights during his stay in Italy, if not provided with a regular residence permit.
This new legal situation stands in clear contradiction with the rules, also contained in the TU immigration measures which have as their object of humanitarian protection and, in particular, with reference to the condition of foreign women, with the art. 18 (significantly entitled "social protection measures") providing for the issuance of a special residence permit to a foreign woman who wishes to escape the state of exploitation of prostitution in which it is and you decide to denounce their exploiters enabling organizations to pursue criminals engaged in this criminal activity and to engage the complainant in a program of assistance and social integration (the first paragraph of Article 18 in fine). The rule has played
an important role in promoting function of 'emergence phenomena of serious violence against foreign women because it also contains the prediction of susceptibility to various reception and support especially at the beginning of a change in living conditions of the complainants.
In the current situation, although it could reasonably believe that the social safety net provisions of art. 18 is special and, therefore, remains applicable even in the lifetime of the crime of illegal immigration (which would be exposed to all the women complainants), and consequently the demand for social protection itself as a condition impediment to expulsion can not be ignored many factors che concorreranno a scoraggiare l’utilizzazione di questo strumento. In primo luogo la diffusa percezione di diffidenza verso le istituzioni e le autorità amministrativa da parte di tutti gli stranieri irregolari, in quanto esposti al
rischio di denuncia; in secondo luogo l’incertezza oggettiva in ordine al rilascio del permesso di soggiorno, in quanto fondato sul riscontro di precise condizioni di legge (tra le quali il contributo alle indagini finalizzate alla persecuzione delle attività delittuose di sfruttamento della prostituzione delle donne straniere) che, se non positivamente accertate, determinano l’immediata applicazione della norma introduttiva del reato d’immigrazione clandestina. In terzo luogo, rimarrebbero comunque outside the scope of Article. 18, complaints of violence, not sexual in nature, but not limited to the individual nature or otherwise unrelated to the organized exploitation of prostitution, against which foreign women, the risk is even higher objective, or the perception of danger of the complaint and the subsequent expulsion.
The severity of the consequences of the introduction of the crime in question on the emergence of
situations of serious violations of human rights and inviolable and foreigners, especially women, came forward with great fanfare, immediately after the entry into force the law, with reference to the requirement signaling the presence of health care and medical treatment required by foreigners. The compactness of the negative response to the performance of that obligation on the part of the category of health care has led to the introduction of a separate provision (Article 35, fifth paragraph of Decree No. 286 of 1998) whereby access to facilities health of the alien is not in accordance with the rules of stay may not result in recommendations to the authority unless the obligation to report, still in force when the pathological condition reveal signs of violence or the commission of a crime by the applicant or dependent care. Moreover, it can not ignore the obligation to report that the conservation of all legittima e non eludibile, determinerà una riduzione dell’accesso alle strutture sanitarie proprio nei casi di lesioni o patologie derivanti da reati che compromettono l’integrità psico-fisica e la libertà personale delle donne straniere, potendo in questo caso riproporsi il problema dell’emersione della condizione d’irregolare permanenza della donna straniera, la denuncia del reato e l’espulsione conseguente. Questa grave situazione di limitazione e privazione del godimento e dell’esercizio dei diritti fondamentali da parte degli stranieri, tra i quali in condizioni di maggiore esposizione si trovano, per ragioni del tutto intuibili, le donne, ha, di recente determinato la rimessione alla Corte Costituzionale della Article legitimacy. 10 bis of Legislative Decree No. 286, 1998, initiating the offense of illegal immigration because it does not provide an exception (apart from that, as noted, not comprehensive, covering the medical treatment) to the obligation of denunciation by the court on the processes that relate to the protection of the rights of foreigners without residence permit.
violated the constitutional provision is primarily the art. 24 of the Constitution recognizes that all people
the right to sue to protect their rights and interests and the arts. 3 for the condition of unjustified unequal treatment faced by Italian citizens and foreigners in order to protect rights belonging to the human person and unrelated to particular "status" as publicistic citizenship. As astutely observed that the court referred to the Constitutional Court examine the issue, the illegal alien who see their rights violated fundamental faced with the alternative between the request for judicial protection, high level of protection in our country connected However, the risk of being exposed to the reporting of illegal immigration and waives his rights. It follows not only the deprivation of the right recognized by the ECHR to take legal action but denied the infringement of fundamental rights. The referring court adds that la condizione creata dall’attuale versione dell’art. 10 bis genera, da un lato, il rischio di favorire la diffusione di condotte illecite a danno degli stranieri privi del titolo di soggiorno, creando la diffusa sensazione di una situazione d’impunità e dall’altro determina una lesione della dignità personale che deve essere propria di qualsiasi individuo, incompatibile con l’impegno di solidarietà che il nostro ordine costituzionale prevede nell’art. 2.
Infine la violazione dei diritti fondamentali determinati dalla vigenza dell’obbligo di segnalazione della situazione d’irregolarità dello straniero, contrasta anche con gli obblighi comunitari ed internazionali dello Stato italiano che secondo arts. 10, 11 and 117 of the Constitution is required to conform their laws to the Constitution, the constraints and the international community (especially those arising from the ECHR in the interpretation of the Convention provides that the Court of Strasbourg) and to observe the generally accepted international standards and those relating to the legal status of foreigners under international treaties.
As noted above, beyond the interpretations that claim and hopefully point towards a constitutionally reading the reporting of crime by the court in cases which require the recognition of fundamental rights by illegal foreign nationals, can not be stressed that this regulatory framework, related to a climate of intolerance towards diversity that expresses itself through some action of the institutions, reduce access to justice especially for women, as more vulnerable, partly because of religious and cultural patterns and communities of reference, breach of the right to personal liberty and self-determination.
In this necessary premise that emphasizes the primary importance of equality in the ownership and exercise of fundamental rights must, however, follow a mostly positive assessment of the degree of protection of fundamental rights, guaranteed in our legal system to women (like men, for that matter).
In that regard, by focusing on women, it is considered to be examined, first the legal protection and protection of the right to personal freedom and self-determination, preparing dall'ordinamento penalty. As is well known for over ten years (Law No. 66 of 1996) to sexual violence has finally been recognized legal nature of the crime against the person or rather against personal freedom. Article. 609 bis cp which contains the definition of the crime of sexual violence includes a unitary notion of sexual acts without, build, as in the scheme before force, different offenses depending on the nature of the acts. It, however, provided a hypothesis for mitigated minor cases, while leaving intact the principle of common fitness of sexual acts to integrate the crime. As defined in numerous rulings by the Supreme Court with the attraction of the crime of sexual violence in the sphere of personal freedom "becomes the sexual individual's right to freely manage their sexuality with the result that the relevant criminal conduct must be assessed in relation to the respect due to the person and the attitude to offend the freedom to determine the same. " Inside
of this strict construction of the constitutional crime of sexual abuse, sexual act as "any act which, to be replaced by bodily contact, even if fleeting or impromptu, and stand between the subject and in any case involving the sexual corporeality of the victim, and is aimed likely to endanger his freedom of self-determination in the sexual sphere. " (Cass. No 35625 of 2007). E 'irrelevant the subjective intention of the offender having sufficient awareness and willingness to perform any act detrimental to the invasive and non-consenting person's sexual freedom. (Cass. 39718 of 2009). Does not, therefore, that the sexual acts were made in jest or derision (Cass. No 20227 of 2009, women bare children to ridicule and touch) or, in their devotion to their religious or cultural code that excludes the value of the equal dignity of men and women.
an important role in promoting function of 'emergence phenomena of serious violence against foreign women because it also contains the prediction of susceptibility to various reception and support especially at the beginning of a change in living conditions of the complainants.
In the current situation, although it could reasonably believe that the social safety net provisions of art. 18 is special and, therefore, remains applicable even in the lifetime of the crime of illegal immigration (which would be exposed to all the women complainants), and consequently the demand for social protection itself as a condition impediment to expulsion can not be ignored many factors che concorreranno a scoraggiare l’utilizzazione di questo strumento. In primo luogo la diffusa percezione di diffidenza verso le istituzioni e le autorità amministrativa da parte di tutti gli stranieri irregolari, in quanto esposti al
rischio di denuncia; in secondo luogo l’incertezza oggettiva in ordine al rilascio del permesso di soggiorno, in quanto fondato sul riscontro di precise condizioni di legge (tra le quali il contributo alle indagini finalizzate alla persecuzione delle attività delittuose di sfruttamento della prostituzione delle donne straniere) che, se non positivamente accertate, determinano l’immediata applicazione della norma introduttiva del reato d’immigrazione clandestina. In terzo luogo, rimarrebbero comunque outside the scope of Article. 18, complaints of violence, not sexual in nature, but not limited to the individual nature or otherwise unrelated to the organized exploitation of prostitution, against which foreign women, the risk is even higher objective, or the perception of danger of the complaint and the subsequent expulsion.
The severity of the consequences of the introduction of the crime in question on the emergence of
situations of serious violations of human rights and inviolable and foreigners, especially women, came forward with great fanfare, immediately after the entry into force the law, with reference to the requirement signaling the presence of health care and medical treatment required by foreigners. The compactness of the negative response to the performance of that obligation on the part of the category of health care has led to the introduction of a separate provision (Article 35, fifth paragraph of Decree No. 286 of 1998) whereby access to facilities health of the alien is not in accordance with the rules of stay may not result in recommendations to the authority unless the obligation to report, still in force when the pathological condition reveal signs of violence or the commission of a crime by the applicant or dependent care. Moreover, it can not ignore the obligation to report that the conservation of all legittima e non eludibile, determinerà una riduzione dell’accesso alle strutture sanitarie proprio nei casi di lesioni o patologie derivanti da reati che compromettono l’integrità psico-fisica e la libertà personale delle donne straniere, potendo in questo caso riproporsi il problema dell’emersione della condizione d’irregolare permanenza della donna straniera, la denuncia del reato e l’espulsione conseguente. Questa grave situazione di limitazione e privazione del godimento e dell’esercizio dei diritti fondamentali da parte degli stranieri, tra i quali in condizioni di maggiore esposizione si trovano, per ragioni del tutto intuibili, le donne, ha, di recente determinato la rimessione alla Corte Costituzionale della Article legitimacy. 10 bis of Legislative Decree No. 286, 1998, initiating the offense of illegal immigration because it does not provide an exception (apart from that, as noted, not comprehensive, covering the medical treatment) to the obligation of denunciation by the court on the processes that relate to the protection of the rights of foreigners without residence permit.
violated the constitutional provision is primarily the art. 24 of the Constitution recognizes that all people
the right to sue to protect their rights and interests and the arts. 3 for the condition of unjustified unequal treatment faced by Italian citizens and foreigners in order to protect rights belonging to the human person and unrelated to particular "status" as publicistic citizenship. As astutely observed that the court referred to the Constitutional Court examine the issue, the illegal alien who see their rights violated fundamental faced with the alternative between the request for judicial protection, high level of protection in our country connected However, the risk of being exposed to the reporting of illegal immigration and waives his rights. It follows not only the deprivation of the right recognized by the ECHR to take legal action but denied the infringement of fundamental rights. The referring court adds that la condizione creata dall’attuale versione dell’art. 10 bis genera, da un lato, il rischio di favorire la diffusione di condotte illecite a danno degli stranieri privi del titolo di soggiorno, creando la diffusa sensazione di una situazione d’impunità e dall’altro determina una lesione della dignità personale che deve essere propria di qualsiasi individuo, incompatibile con l’impegno di solidarietà che il nostro ordine costituzionale prevede nell’art. 2.
Infine la violazione dei diritti fondamentali determinati dalla vigenza dell’obbligo di segnalazione della situazione d’irregolarità dello straniero, contrasta anche con gli obblighi comunitari ed internazionali dello Stato italiano che secondo arts. 10, 11 and 117 of the Constitution is required to conform their laws to the Constitution, the constraints and the international community (especially those arising from the ECHR in the interpretation of the Convention provides that the Court of Strasbourg) and to observe the generally accepted international standards and those relating to the legal status of foreigners under international treaties.
As noted above, beyond the interpretations that claim and hopefully point towards a constitutionally reading the reporting of crime by the court in cases which require the recognition of fundamental rights by illegal foreign nationals, can not be stressed that this regulatory framework, related to a climate of intolerance towards diversity that expresses itself through some action of the institutions, reduce access to justice especially for women, as more vulnerable, partly because of religious and cultural patterns and communities of reference, breach of the right to personal liberty and self-determination.
In this necessary premise that emphasizes the primary importance of equality in the ownership and exercise of fundamental rights must, however, follow a mostly positive assessment of the degree of protection of fundamental rights, guaranteed in our legal system to women (like men, for that matter).
In that regard, by focusing on women, it is considered to be examined, first the legal protection and protection of the right to personal freedom and self-determination, preparing dall'ordinamento penalty. As is well known for over ten years (Law No. 66 of 1996) to sexual violence has finally been recognized legal nature of the crime against the person or rather against personal freedom. Article. 609 bis cp which contains the definition of the crime of sexual violence includes a unitary notion of sexual acts without, build, as in the scheme before force, different offenses depending on the nature of the acts. It, however, provided a hypothesis for mitigated minor cases, while leaving intact the principle of common fitness of sexual acts to integrate the crime. As defined in numerous rulings by the Supreme Court with the attraction of the crime of sexual violence in the sphere of personal freedom "becomes the sexual individual's right to freely manage their sexuality with the result that the relevant criminal conduct must be assessed in relation to the respect due to the person and the attitude to offend the freedom to determine the same. " Inside
of this strict construction of the constitutional crime of sexual abuse, sexual act as "any act which, to be replaced by bodily contact, even if fleeting or impromptu, and stand between the subject and in any case involving the sexual corporeality of the victim, and is aimed likely to endanger his freedom of self-determination in the sexual sphere. " (Cass. No 35625 of 2007). E 'irrelevant the subjective intention of the offender having sufficient awareness and willingness to perform any act detrimental to the invasive and non-consenting person's sexual freedom. (Cass. 39718 of 2009). Does not, therefore, that the sexual acts were made in jest or derision (Cass. No 20227 of 2009, women bare children to ridicule and touch) or, in their devotion to their religious or cultural code that excludes the value of the equal dignity of men and women.
Moreover, the framework of criminal law protection of women's right to self-directed in particular towards the freedom to go about their lives without coercion, threats or violence is not limited to the prediction of the crime of sexual violence but must extend to examination of the crime harassment (art. 660 cp) and the abuse in the family (art. 572 cp) to encompass the recent introduction of the crime of "stalking", with the Law 38, 2009. The system Criminal criminal-law protection is enhanced by a tool and can be outlined as a whole:
-consumed sexual violence: it presents with a sexual act or with the expression of a sexual impulse
invading other people's sexuality made in breach of dissenting views or acquiescence of the addressee of the act carried out by means of any instrument of physical or psychological pressure.
- attempted sexual assault: the act does not achieve the purpose of invading other people's sexuality because the agent is forced to interrupt but there is a fraud consisting in the intention of violating the sexual freedom of others
- the abuse in the family: be execution di atti vessatori ripetuti anche produttivi di violenze di natura fisica (lesioni) o di natura psichica (ingiurie o minacce, condotte di
sopraffazione) che possono concorrere con il delitto di violenza sessuale ma che deve consumarsi all’interno delle relazioni e delle gerarchie familiari o in altro rapporto la cui caratteristica sia l’esercizio di un’autorità. La posizione di supremazia può realizzarsi anche all’interno di un rapporto di lavoro ma non si desume automaticamente da ogni forma di rapporto di lavoro subordinato. (Cass. n. 27469 del 2008 riconosce tale caratteristica nel rapporto che s’instaura tra
lavoratore subordinato e datore di lavoro mentre Cass. n. 26954 del 2009 esclude la ricorrenza di questo material element of the offense in the harassment suffered by an employee from an executive at a large company). E 'is sufficient to allow the subjective element that the agent has the conscience and will to carry out repeated acts of harassment, being completely irrelevant that they are justified in their community or family in the model comes from its traditional culture. The choice legislation and case law firmly address this regard are not without consequences because you can pursue and, in particular to facilitate the emergence of judicial conduct deemed consistent with an abusive authoritarian family model and a culture that is based on a condition equality between women and men but rather relegates the status of women in a subordinate role in institutional and subject to a system of submission and determination of hetero choices. The Court of Cassation, in respect of all consolidated guidance in finding that the conduct consisting of repeated acts of harassment against his wife (or daughter) can not be justified by the fact that the agent practicing Muslim religion and claimed so special in order to power their household, including through in these cases the subjective element of the offense. (Cass.n. 46300 of 2008 and No. 22700 of 2009, in Foro It, 2009, II, 592). In these cases the Court has reiterated in the first luogo che tutti coloro che si trovano nel territorio del nostro Stato cittadini o stranieri sono obbligati ad osservare la legge penale (art. 3 c.p.) con la conseguenza che le tradizioni etico sociali, di natura essenzialmente consuetudinaria, possono essere praticate solo fuori dell’ambito di operatività della legge penale. Inoltre il principio assume particolare rilievo e preminenza quando l’oggetto della tutela penale sia rappresentato dai diritti involabili costituzionalmente garantiti: la dignità e la libertà personale, l’uguaglianza tra i coniugi, la tutela della famiglia come comunità all’interno della quale deve svilupparsi armonicamente la personalità dei componenti nel rispetto reciproco.
-consumed sexual violence: it presents with a sexual act or with the expression of a sexual impulse
invading other people's sexuality made in breach of dissenting views or acquiescence of the addressee of the act carried out by means of any instrument of physical or psychological pressure.
- attempted sexual assault: the act does not achieve the purpose of invading other people's sexuality because the agent is forced to interrupt but there is a fraud consisting in the intention of violating the sexual freedom of others
- the abuse in the family: be execution di atti vessatori ripetuti anche produttivi di violenze di natura fisica (lesioni) o di natura psichica (ingiurie o minacce, condotte di
sopraffazione) che possono concorrere con il delitto di violenza sessuale ma che deve consumarsi all’interno delle relazioni e delle gerarchie familiari o in altro rapporto la cui caratteristica sia l’esercizio di un’autorità. La posizione di supremazia può realizzarsi anche all’interno di un rapporto di lavoro ma non si desume automaticamente da ogni forma di rapporto di lavoro subordinato. (Cass. n. 27469 del 2008 riconosce tale caratteristica nel rapporto che s’instaura tra
lavoratore subordinato e datore di lavoro mentre Cass. n. 26954 del 2009 esclude la ricorrenza di questo material element of the offense in the harassment suffered by an employee from an executive at a large company). E 'is sufficient to allow the subjective element that the agent has the conscience and will to carry out repeated acts of harassment, being completely irrelevant that they are justified in their community or family in the model comes from its traditional culture. The choice legislation and case law firmly address this regard are not without consequences because you can pursue and, in particular to facilitate the emergence of judicial conduct deemed consistent with an abusive authoritarian family model and a culture that is based on a condition equality between women and men but rather relegates the status of women in a subordinate role in institutional and subject to a system of submission and determination of hetero choices. The Court of Cassation, in respect of all consolidated guidance in finding that the conduct consisting of repeated acts of harassment against his wife (or daughter) can not be justified by the fact that the agent practicing Muslim religion and claimed so special in order to power their household, including through in these cases the subjective element of the offense. (Cass.n. 46300 of 2008 and No. 22700 of 2009, in Foro It, 2009, II, 592). In these cases the Court has reiterated in the first luogo che tutti coloro che si trovano nel territorio del nostro Stato cittadini o stranieri sono obbligati ad osservare la legge penale (art. 3 c.p.) con la conseguenza che le tradizioni etico sociali, di natura essenzialmente consuetudinaria, possono essere praticate solo fuori dell’ambito di operatività della legge penale. Inoltre il principio assume particolare rilievo e preminenza quando l’oggetto della tutela penale sia rappresentato dai diritti involabili costituzionalmente garantiti: la dignità e la libertà personale, l’uguaglianza tra i coniugi, la tutela della famiglia come comunità all’interno della quale deve svilupparsi armonicamente la personalità dei componenti nel rispetto reciproco.
In conclusion of the guarantee of fundamental human rights as an individual, in social formations where his personality is formed and the principle of equality, constitute an insurmountable barrier against the introduction of models of relationships with them incompatible.
must however be borne in mind the weak point in the recent introduction of the crime of illegal immigration
, results in this advanced system of protection of the freedom of women.
The push to bring out the abuse in the family or resulting from the abuse of authority that can arise in the workplace or in other conditions of stable coexistence can be significantly compressed case of illegal stay of the victim.
- harassment (art. 660 cp). This offense was created as a tool aimed at ensuring the
"public peace" and not to protect the personal freedom of the victim, was, until very recent entry into force of an offense of "stalking" was the only instrument protection from invasion and repeated behavior of "persecution" even phone revolt in the vast majority of cases involved women. This is a weak instrument because it is not easy in the absence of controls on telephones, adopted in the past, only the most serious cases pending nature of the breach (Ie the legislative consideration that small-scale) of the offense, to prove the objective element of the crime and identify those responsible. The constituent element is the plurality of actions to intrude and invade the sphere of freedom of others. Finally devesottolinearsi that what distinguishes harassment from sexual violence is the absence of physical contact. Even if the harassment consists of profanity or alluding to the sexual sphere, the "why" of a sexual nature does not change the
case.
- The "Stalking" recently introduced by Law No 38 of 2009, but the legal nature of the crime, punishable by imprisonment from six months to four years and aims to affect the conduct of repeated vexatious nature or through threats or harassment are liable to give rise to a continuing state of anxiety or fear, or even a well-founded fear of danger to their physical safety, that of a relative or a person whom the victim is emotionally tied or, finally, that constrains them to alter their lifestyles. As can easily observe the legislature has provided a very wide range of conduct which might induce the crime, only some of which related to the facts constituting the harassment.
Moreover, the most significant difference found with the crime of harassment may be felt in the attention paid to profile the victim who suffers the psychological or Stalking its compressed or absent right to self-determination in their daily lives freely.
Any conduct that by its recurrence persistent but stable results in the subjective perception of insecurity and uncertainty in the freedom of movement and action to induce or the impossibility of not being "tested" to change their habits or modes of reports the result of a previous free choice, or even be seen as potentially harmful for the safety of loved ones, includes the crime of stalking. The standard, which is part of a law passed overwhelmingly by the symbolic title (emergency measures in public safety and combat sexual violence and in terms of persecution),
contains a number of containment measures of persecution. Firstly because of the frequent family environment, parental or, more broadly "community" of the conduct of persecution, and its frequent consumption in coontesto a "relational" and previous knowledge, it is expected that the injured party may,
before proceeding with the complaint, ask the agent to be "warned" to desist from harmful behaviors, and second is planned as a coercive measure, the prohibition approach places frequented by the victim or his close relatives.
This measure has a wider scope of instruments in civil and criminal law, introduced by Law n.154 of 2001 seeks to address the violence in family relationships because its scope extends beyond the family relationship or cohabitation and requires no "serious injury to the physical safety or morals or the freedom of the other spouse or partner." Even orders of protection introduced by Law No. 154 of 2001, will help you get away from the family home but also from places usually frequented by the victim but had limited efficacy in time, except that the conduct did not constitute harmful crimes against the person and sexual freedom facing a spouse or close relatives in this case being able to take the measure of restraint and not the criminal order of protection provided by the system of civil protection.
- With the new type of crime, the prohibition approach that may be the most effective and timely protection of the victim will be prepared every time you proceed to act purely for stalking or persecution, and not necessarily productive of serious injury required for the issuance of protection orders, and even if committed outside the family and living together. The same law that introduces a form of criminal-law protection is so extensive and covers the far more difficult objective of contrastare la violenza sessuale è praticamente priva di strumenti di natura preventiva e protettiva, assolutamente indispensabili soprattutto per le vittime femminile che versano in condizione di privazione economica ed in particolare per le donne straniere prevedendo solo due disposizioni dal tenore sostanzialmente demagogico (gli art. 11 e 12) che pongono a carico delle autorità con le quali le vittime degli atti persecutori vengono a contatto di informarle sull’esistenza di centri o presidi adeguati (laddove ci siano e vi sia un adeguato censimento però!) ai quali rivolgersi salva la previsione dell’allestimento di un numero verde che possa fornire un servizio esclusivamente informativo.
Queste norme, soprattutto se poste in correlazione with those contained in the same law that are intended to toughen penalties for sexual abuse treatment, increasing the penalties and placing
on remand in prison in an almost obligatory, highlight the formalistic and partial way of addressing the phenomenon of violent behavior of sexual or persecutory in nature (and content of harassment) against women as not preparing (and do not provide any substantial commitment of expenditure) any substantive means of support staff od'integrazione social (for example by accompanying the departure from habitat violent and entry-to-work in order to effectively promote the autonomy and freedom femminile) per le vittime di questi reati, affidandosi totalmente alle strutture preesistenti e alla forza deterrente della repressione penale,
molto più adeguata a riempire le pagine dei giornali che a fornire strumenti utili a chi può trovarsi, dopo la denuncia, in condizione di solitudine e privazione economica.
must however be borne in mind the weak point in the recent introduction of the crime of illegal immigration
, results in this advanced system of protection of the freedom of women.
The push to bring out the abuse in the family or resulting from the abuse of authority that can arise in the workplace or in other conditions of stable coexistence can be significantly compressed case of illegal stay of the victim.
- harassment (art. 660 cp). This offense was created as a tool aimed at ensuring the
"public peace" and not to protect the personal freedom of the victim, was, until very recent entry into force of an offense of "stalking" was the only instrument protection from invasion and repeated behavior of "persecution" even phone revolt in the vast majority of cases involved women. This is a weak instrument because it is not easy in the absence of controls on telephones, adopted in the past, only the most serious cases pending nature of the breach (Ie the legislative consideration that small-scale) of the offense, to prove the objective element of the crime and identify those responsible. The constituent element is the plurality of actions to intrude and invade the sphere of freedom of others. Finally devesottolinearsi that what distinguishes harassment from sexual violence is the absence of physical contact. Even if the harassment consists of profanity or alluding to the sexual sphere, the "why" of a sexual nature does not change the
case.
- The "Stalking" recently introduced by Law No 38 of 2009, but the legal nature of the crime, punishable by imprisonment from six months to four years and aims to affect the conduct of repeated vexatious nature or through threats or harassment are liable to give rise to a continuing state of anxiety or fear, or even a well-founded fear of danger to their physical safety, that of a relative or a person whom the victim is emotionally tied or, finally, that constrains them to alter their lifestyles. As can easily observe the legislature has provided a very wide range of conduct which might induce the crime, only some of which related to the facts constituting the harassment.
Moreover, the most significant difference found with the crime of harassment may be felt in the attention paid to profile the victim who suffers the psychological or Stalking its compressed or absent right to self-determination in their daily lives freely.
Any conduct that by its recurrence persistent but stable results in the subjective perception of insecurity and uncertainty in the freedom of movement and action to induce or the impossibility of not being "tested" to change their habits or modes of reports the result of a previous free choice, or even be seen as potentially harmful for the safety of loved ones, includes the crime of stalking. The standard, which is part of a law passed overwhelmingly by the symbolic title (emergency measures in public safety and combat sexual violence and in terms of persecution),
contains a number of containment measures of persecution. Firstly because of the frequent family environment, parental or, more broadly "community" of the conduct of persecution, and its frequent consumption in coontesto a "relational" and previous knowledge, it is expected that the injured party may,
before proceeding with the complaint, ask the agent to be "warned" to desist from harmful behaviors, and second is planned as a coercive measure, the prohibition approach places frequented by the victim or his close relatives.
This measure has a wider scope of instruments in civil and criminal law, introduced by Law n.154 of 2001 seeks to address the violence in family relationships because its scope extends beyond the family relationship or cohabitation and requires no "serious injury to the physical safety or morals or the freedom of the other spouse or partner." Even orders of protection introduced by Law No. 154 of 2001, will help you get away from the family home but also from places usually frequented by the victim but had limited efficacy in time, except that the conduct did not constitute harmful crimes against the person and sexual freedom facing a spouse or close relatives in this case being able to take the measure of restraint and not the criminal order of protection provided by the system of civil protection.
- With the new type of crime, the prohibition approach that may be the most effective and timely protection of the victim will be prepared every time you proceed to act purely for stalking or persecution, and not necessarily productive of serious injury required for the issuance of protection orders, and even if committed outside the family and living together. The same law that introduces a form of criminal-law protection is so extensive and covers the far more difficult objective of contrastare la violenza sessuale è praticamente priva di strumenti di natura preventiva e protettiva, assolutamente indispensabili soprattutto per le vittime femminile che versano in condizione di privazione economica ed in particolare per le donne straniere prevedendo solo due disposizioni dal tenore sostanzialmente demagogico (gli art. 11 e 12) che pongono a carico delle autorità con le quali le vittime degli atti persecutori vengono a contatto di informarle sull’esistenza di centri o presidi adeguati (laddove ci siano e vi sia un adeguato censimento però!) ai quali rivolgersi salva la previsione dell’allestimento di un numero verde che possa fornire un servizio esclusivamente informativo.
Queste norme, soprattutto se poste in correlazione with those contained in the same law that are intended to toughen penalties for sexual abuse treatment, increasing the penalties and placing
on remand in prison in an almost obligatory, highlight the formalistic and partial way of addressing the phenomenon of violent behavior of sexual or persecutory in nature (and content of harassment) against women as not preparing (and do not provide any substantial commitment of expenditure) any substantive means of support staff od'integrazione social (for example by accompanying the departure from habitat violent and entry-to-work in order to effectively promote the autonomy and freedom femminile) per le vittime di questi reati, affidandosi totalmente alle strutture preesistenti e alla forza deterrente della repressione penale,
molto più adeguata a riempire le pagine dei giornali che a fornire strumenti utili a chi può trovarsi, dopo la denuncia, in condizione di solitudine e privazione economica.
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