Cecilia Cortesi Venturini
CEDAW AND THE PROMOTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN
Report Att. Cecilia Cortesi Venturini training seminar for forensic "The international instruments for the protection of victims of violence and gender discrimination", organized by lawyers and Democrats say. Bologna, 14.01.2010.
Over the past 30 years we have witnessed, within the UN system, the incisive and interesting projects on the theme of women's rights. Alcuni di questi hanno avuto come tema principale la tutela dei diritti umani, prevedendo interventi per proteggere le donne da problemi specifici (come ad es. dalla violenza); altri hanno cercato di perfezionare e rendere più efficaci i meccanismi di prevenzione e punizione delle discriminazioni a cui esse sono soggette. Senza dubbio, entrambi i tipi di progetti hanno costituito un aiuto nel lavoro di sensibilizzazione della comunità internazionale verso i problemi della popolazione femminile di tutto il mondo.
Sarebbe certamente troppo lungo esporre le iniziative che anno per anno sono state dedicate alle
donne. Fondamentale è la Conferenza Mondiale sui Diritti Umani di Vienna del 1993 che ha dato
nuovo impeto alla campagna internazionale promotion and protection of human rights of women, focusing primarily on the theme of violence. Two years later he was held in Beijing Fourth World Conference on Women, whose positive results have contributed to the continuation and conclusion of work on the creation of an independent appeal mechanism available to women whose country has ratified the Convention 1979.
The Vienna Conference on Human Rights
The World Conference on Human Rights was primarily intended to present the international community a common plan for the work of strengthening human rights worldwide. Adopted the Declaration of Together with the Vienna Programme of Action, the two documents are aimed at strengthening the mechanisms of protecting human rights and contain important provisions on the rights of women. A particular attention to equality between men and women, both in general terms, both by addressing specific issues that women are the main victims. In the preamble invokes the principle of non-discrimination based on sex as a key point of the United Nations system and introduces the theme of violence as one of the many forms of discrimination.
The importance of considering women's rights an integral part of universal human rights and the principle
equal participation of women in political, civil, economic, social and cultural development of any country after 1993 are an integral part of common life.
addition to the United Nations have intensified their efforts in strengthening the protection afforded to women, especially in the promotion of international instruments, such as protocol
to CEDAW, which is an important tool to work against discrimination of energy.
organs of the United Nations who devote their activities to the promotion and protection of the rights of women are
the Commission on the Status of Women, the Commission on Human Rights and the CEDAW (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, established in 1982 to monitor the application della Convenzione del '79), la Special Rapporteur sulla Violenza alle
Donne, UNIFEM, DAW, ISNTRAW.
Ma a Vienna è stato affrontato il problema che impedisce alla popolazione femminile di partecipare attivamente alla vita sociale, cioè quello della violenza. È bene sottolineare che fino a quel momento le allarmanti dimensioni del fenomeno non erano state avvertite dalla comunità internazionale; la maggior parte dei governi tendeva a considerare la violenza come un problema
privato tra individui che non richiedeva pertanto un loro intervento. La Dichiarazione e il Programma d'Azione adottati a Vienna condannano in più punti la violenza di genere ed ogni forma di sfruttamento sessuale, perché contrari e incompatibili con the dignity and worth of the human person. To eliminate this form of discrimination, the Conference stressed the importance of working towards its elimination in public life and private life and in the administration of justice. But the most significant estimates contained in this document is what he calls the General Assembly to adopt the declaration on violence against women and welcomes the decision to create a Special Rapporteur on violence. Following up on these predictions, the General Assembly in December '93 adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, in six articles, clarifies the terms of the problem and call states, and the bodies and agencies specializzate delle Nazioni Unite a prendere ogni misura necessaria alla sua soluzione. Gli Stati non possono eludere gli impegni presi invocando come giustificazione considerazioni di tipo religioso, culturale o che comunque abbiano a che fare con le tradizioni del paese. Quel che maggiormente colpisce è la molteplicità delle aree in cui la violenza deve essere combattuta. La violenza che avviene all'interno delle pareti domestiche, incluso l'abuso sessuale delle figlie o anche pratiche legate alla tradizione quali la mutilazione degli organi genitali femminili; la violenza fisica, sessuale e psicologica che ha luogo all'interno della comunità in generale, come il traffico delle donne, la prostituzione forzata, ma anche l'intimidazione sul posto di lavoro and school violence perpetrated by the state. There is no denying the importance it assumes that document because it has become an international instrument relating solely to the issue of violence. Next to this Declaration is the resolution adopted by the Commission on Human Rights in March of '94, with which it gives life to the Special Rapporteur on violence against women. Its functions are threefold: first, to gather information on violence and the causes and consequences from such sources as government bodies, specialized agencies and NGOs. After analyzing the data collected, it recommends measures to eliminate the problem at national, regional and international levels, and finally uses other working groups and independent experts of the Commission on Human Rights.
The importance of considering women's rights an integral part of universal human rights and the principle
equal participation of women in political, civil, economic, social and cultural development of any country after 1993 are an integral part of common life.
addition to the United Nations have intensified their efforts in strengthening the protection afforded to women, especially in the promotion of international instruments, such as protocol
to CEDAW, which is an important tool to work against discrimination of energy.
organs of the United Nations who devote their activities to the promotion and protection of the rights of women are
the Commission on the Status of Women, the Commission on Human Rights and the CEDAW (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, established in 1982 to monitor the application della Convenzione del '79), la Special Rapporteur sulla Violenza alle
Donne, UNIFEM, DAW, ISNTRAW.
Ma a Vienna è stato affrontato il problema che impedisce alla popolazione femminile di partecipare attivamente alla vita sociale, cioè quello della violenza. È bene sottolineare che fino a quel momento le allarmanti dimensioni del fenomeno non erano state avvertite dalla comunità internazionale; la maggior parte dei governi tendeva a considerare la violenza come un problema
privato tra individui che non richiedeva pertanto un loro intervento. La Dichiarazione e il Programma d'Azione adottati a Vienna condannano in più punti la violenza di genere ed ogni forma di sfruttamento sessuale, perché contrari e incompatibili con the dignity and worth of the human person. To eliminate this form of discrimination, the Conference stressed the importance of working towards its elimination in public life and private life and in the administration of justice. But the most significant estimates contained in this document is what he calls the General Assembly to adopt the declaration on violence against women and welcomes the decision to create a Special Rapporteur on violence. Following up on these predictions, the General Assembly in December '93 adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, in six articles, clarifies the terms of the problem and call states, and the bodies and agencies specializzate delle Nazioni Unite a prendere ogni misura necessaria alla sua soluzione. Gli Stati non possono eludere gli impegni presi invocando come giustificazione considerazioni di tipo religioso, culturale o che comunque abbiano a che fare con le tradizioni del paese. Quel che maggiormente colpisce è la molteplicità delle aree in cui la violenza deve essere combattuta. La violenza che avviene all'interno delle pareti domestiche, incluso l'abuso sessuale delle figlie o anche pratiche legate alla tradizione quali la mutilazione degli organi genitali femminili; la violenza fisica, sessuale e psicologica che ha luogo all'interno della comunità in generale, come il traffico delle donne, la prostituzione forzata, ma anche l'intimidazione sul posto di lavoro and school violence perpetrated by the state. There is no denying the importance it assumes that document because it has become an international instrument relating solely to the issue of violence. Next to this Declaration is the resolution adopted by the Commission on Human Rights in March of '94, with which it gives life to the Special Rapporteur on violence against women. Its functions are threefold: first, to gather information on violence and the causes and consequences from such sources as government bodies, specialized agencies and NGOs. After analyzing the data collected, it recommends measures to eliminate the problem at national, regional and international levels, and finally uses other working groups and independent experts of the Commission on Human Rights.
Special Rapporteur on violence against women
The Special Rapporteur on violence against women was appointed in 1994 with a mandate to seek and receive information on violence against women, its causes and its consequences and to recommend measures to eliminate this violence and its causes and remedy its consequences. Although the mandate of many other organisms
theme covers particular forms of violence against women, this mandate applies to the entire range of violent abuse against women in public and private life. Among all organisms theme, this Special Rapporteur has carried out more thorough analysis of the relationship between socially constructed gender roles of men and women and the causes and consequences of violations of human rights.
The legal framework is the main mandate of the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women of 1993, and the Convention on the Elimination of
all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The declaration of 1993 is the most explicit statement of international standards on violence against women and is the position shared by the entire international community as regards the duty of governments to eliminate violence against women and states that are legally binding rules, is based on specific human rights treaties, and under customary international law. Defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results or may cause, damage or suffering physical, sexual or psychological care for women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether affecting the public sphere and the private sector (Article 1). The declaration shall detail the substance of legislative initiatives, educational and administrative and other items that states must undertake.
addition, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against donne, nella sua raccomandazione generale n. 19 ha concluso che la violenza basata sul genere infrange molti diritti garantiti dalla CEDAW. La raccomandazione generale n. 19 dichiara che la violenza contro le donne è una forma di discriminazione che intacca la possibilità per le donne di godere dei propri diritti umani su una base di uguaglianza con gli uomini. La raccomandazione delinea le misure preventive, punitive e correttive che gli Stati devono porre in essere.
Inoltre, i diritti legati a diverse forme di violenza contro le donne sono affermati, tra le altre, nella
Dichiarazione universale dei diritti umani, nella Convenzione internazionale sui diritti economici, sociali e culturali, nella Convenzione internazionale sui diritti civili e politici, nella Convenzione contro la tortura, nella Convenzione sui diritti dell’infanzia, nella Convenzione di Ginevra del 12 agosto 1949 (Quarta Convenzione di Ginevra) relativa alla protezione dei civili in tempo di guerra, e nei protocolli I e II della stessa Convenzione di Ginevra, e nella Convenzione internazionale sulla protezione dei lavoratori immigrati e dei loro familiari.
La violenza di genere quindi è una violazione dei diritti umani. Un crimine universale, di cui non si hanno dati precisi (sulla dimensione del fenomeno) per via del silenzio (delle donne, delle istituzioni, della cittadinanza, delle mancate denunce da parte delle donne, vittime di paure e rappresaglie), ma anche della difficoltà delle autorità a riconoscere gender-based violence as a crime and, therefore, to punish her.
The Human Rights Committee has made comments to Italy in April 2006 that the law on the order of protection, which authorizes the court to remove the perpetrator of domestic violence from home has not been implemented, it will are the statistics on how many appeals, proceedings or judgments exist today its entry into force on the issue of domestic violence. The Committee has asked to have information about, in order to ensure immediate action by the authorities in cases of domestic violence.
The CEDAW Committee in 2005 stressed the persistence of the Italian State of violence against women, including domestic violence, and the absence of a strategy to combat all forms of violence against women, trafficking in women, and has widely criticized the Bossi-Fini law that guarantees discretion to local authorities to put restrictions in place for victims of human trafficking in terms of granting a residence permit under Article. 18 of Immigration. The CEDAW Committee has also asked to take action against violence against women in accordance with Resolution 19 and to monitor the effectiveness of laws against domestic violence and to support non-governmental organizations which have shelters, counseling and services for victims. Punish and rehabilitate violent conduct training and gain awareness of the phenomenon of public policy for officers and magistrates.
The CESCR Committee on Social and Cultural Rights in 2004 again emphasized the urgent need to combat domestic violence and expressed concern for the few cases of expulsion presented, especially by women. He ordered the Italian authorities to intensify efforts to combat domestic violence especially against women and to make information campaigns to educate people about the consequences of domestic violence. The Special Rapporteur on migrants
criticized Italy on the poor and poor application of Article
. 18 to participate in programs rehabilitation and social assistance and the difficulty of
obtain a residence permit for the victim.
In 2007 Prof. Yakin Erturk, the Special Rapporteur has come to Parma host of the Director of the Centre for Equality and Anti-violence, as I had known personally met in February 2000 in Geneva at the United Nations. The Special Rapporteur at the time had already accepted the invitation of the Centre Anti-violence, local associations that combat violence against women, but that is in special consultative status with the United Nations since 2003. Already the presence of Yakin and his work on our territory has affected local institutions to become aware of the entity the phenomenon in order to have a greater impact in the fight against violence to women.
I'm very happy because of these meetings will give us the opportunity to make the Italian
directly responsible for violence against women that is perpetrated by
their husbands, partners and even from strangers.
The issue of violence against women is not the only one which deals with the CEDAW and even arrived late as already expressed earlier than other issues, especially because when it comes to analyzing the facts behind the granting of political asylum or refugee status do not experience the effects that may occur to those that are actually gender differences: the historical division between the public sphere - men - the beast and private - women - makes the normal division of labor, productive and reproductive, as well as the approval of rules which lay down recognition of refugee status to a single identity gender.
If the woman belongs to the traditionally private sphere of care, as may have recognition from the public sphere of society, in politics?
In fact, international conventions are carved, rather than securing rights to the person, to guarantee human rights. This can only have consequences for the recognition of certain benefits through the request for recognition of specific requirements, more typically male and female (affiliated to a party banned by the state, a political militancy in the country against the government, etc.)..
This may well be more prominent in that part of the world such as Kosovo, where over time there has been a massive ethnic cleansing, carried out by ethnic rape, sexual assault, murder, torture, not only by public officials, but also by people other than a recognized armed militias, but identified only as third parties, actors of war crimes and, in addition to cultural traditions, structured power relations, domination and male privilege over women's rights di autodeterminazione e riproduttivi, nelle diverse contestualizzazioni, a casa, al lavoro, in tutte le sfere pubbliche, incidono nel godimento appieno dei diritti politici da parte delle donne. Di per sé in una situazione più svantaggiata per le donne che per gli uomini, queste non riescono assolutamente a godere dei diritti sociali, civili e neppure politici.
Gli Stati vengono considerati responsabili, e quindi in base alle convenzioni viene riconosciuto un
diritto di asilo o lo status di rifugiato, solo ed esclusivamente quando coloro che impediscono l’esercizio dei diritti civili e politici siano direttamente ricollegabili allo Stato perpetratore e pertanto sussista una responsabilità diretta imputabile allo stesso. Mentre viene Any liability of the state where they can not maintain a legal system and social
which the violation of the mental and physical is endemic.
If violence against women was considered by the international regulatory regime, so shocking as the violence against people for their political opinions, women would be a considerable help in their daily struggle for life.
The assumption of all rules, including international human rights requires that the
division between public and private spheres: human society is divided into two different fields. This division is still an ideological construction that rationalizes the exclusion della donna dal potere, che a sua volta permette, senza alcuna interferenza, l’esistenza di un sistema di controllo sulle donne attraverso la stessa sfera pubblica.
La Convenzione Cedaw del 1979, Convenzione per l’eliminazione di ogni forma di discriminazione
nei confronti delle donne, ratificata dall’Italia con anche il suo strumento di attuazione, il protocollo opzionale, è legge dello Stato italiano: questa definisce il concetto di discriminazione contro le donne (art. 1), come ogni distinzione esclusione o limitazione basata sul sesso, che abbia come conseguenza, o come scopo, di compromettere o distruggere il riconoscimento, il godimento o l’esercizio da parte delle donne, quale che sia il loro stato marriage, human rights and fundamental freedoms
in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field,
on the basis of equality between man and woman.
The Convention gives importance to civil, political, economic and social, because very often give little value other international conventions and specific recognition to women in
civil or political, because, instead derives the majority of women's oppression and is connected to prevent economic, social and cultural rights. The economic, social and cultural rights have traditionally been less extensive international conventions, and much more difficult to implement, this non toglie che gli Stati debbano tutelare i loro cittadini anche nella realizzazione di questi diritti. Gli Stati hanno il dovere di formulare appropriate politiche di sviluppo con lo scopo di migliorare costantemente il benessere dell’intera popolazione e di tutti gli individui, in base alla loro significativa partecipazione allo sviluppo e nell’equa divisione dei benefici che ne risultano.
I diritti sono designati apparentemente per essere applicati a tutti gli individui, beneficiandone uomini e donne allo stesso modo: il preambolo della Dichiarazione sul Diritto allo Sviluppo del 1986, richiede il rispetto dei diritti umani senza alcuna distinzione di razza o di sesso. Così la dichiarazione (art. 8) obbliga gli Stati ad assicurare le pari opportunità for all is in access to basic resources, that an equitable distribution of income, stating that "effective measures must be taken to ensure that women have an active role in the development process."
The right to self-determination is expressed by the international conventions, in which the time
identify as the right of all people to determine their political status and freely pursue economic development, social and cultural.
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